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349 entries

A–Z · Machipedia collection

Category: Complementary

ModalityManual and self-applied acupoint pressure

Acupressure

Acupressure is the application of pressure to acupuncture points on the body, by hand or wristband, without needles.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Acupoint massage
Tradition: Traditional Chinese medicine (acupoint and meridian framework)
Related concepts: Acupoints, Meridians (jingluo), PC6 (P6) wrist point, Self-acupressure, Sham acupressure, Acupressure wristbands, De Qi sensation

Reference record available.

ModalityManual and body-based

Acupuncture

A practice involving the insertion of fine needles at selected points, associated with Chinese medical traditions and contemporary adaptations.

AlternativeComplementary

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Aliases: Needling
Tradition: Chinese medical traditions
Related concepts: Qi

Reference record available.

ConceptConcept: herbs said to raise resistance to stress, a term from Soviet research

Adaptogens

Adaptogens is a term for herbs said to raise the body's nonspecific resistance to stress, coined in Soviet research.

Complementary

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Entry details

Aliases: Adaptogenic herbs
Tradition: Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Russian/Soviet pharmacology
Related concepts: Stress resilience

Reference record available.

ModalityYoga style: hammock-supported fitness yoga (member of Yoga Styles)

Aerial Yoga

Aerial yoga is a style of yoga in which postures are practiced with a fabric hammock hung from the ceiling.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Anti-gravity yoga, Hammock yoga
Tradition: Yoga traditions
Related concepts: Not assigned

Reference record available.

ModalityMovement and postural education

Alexander Technique

The Alexander Technique is an educational method in which teachers help people change habitual movement and posture.

HolisticComplementary

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Aliases: The Alexander Technique
Tradition: Alexander teaching lineages
Related concepts: Primary control, Inhibition, Direction, Use of the self

Reference record available.

ModalityHuman-animal interaction therapy

Animal Assisted Therapy

Animal-assisted therapy is a goal-directed intervention in which a trained animal takes part in a professional's therapy.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: AAT, Pet therapy
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Animal-assisted intervention, Animal-assisted activity, Animal-assisted education, Therapy animal, Handler, Equine-assisted activities and therapies, Hippotherapy, Therapeutic horseback riding, Zoonosis, Infection control, Animal welfare

Reference record available.

ModalityBranded animal manual therapy and bodywork technique

Animal Neuro Myofascial Release (ANMR)

Animal Neuro Myofascial Release is a branded hands-on bodywork technique taught for use on dogs, horses and other animals.

AlternativeComplementary

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Aliases: ANMR, Animal Neuro-myofascial Release, Animal Neuro-myofascial Release Technique
Tradition: Animal massage and bodywork, Myofascial release, Veterinary rehabilitation (adjacent field)
Related concepts: Fascia, Myofascial release, Body alignment, Soft tissue mobilization, Online certification, Veterinary diagnosis first

Reference record available.

ModalityEnergy-based practice adapted from Reiki for companion, shelter and other animals

Animal Reiki

Animal Reiki is the offering of Reiki-style hand or meditation sessions to animals, often led by the animal.

MetaphysicalComplementary

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Aliases: Reiki for animals, Pet Reiki, Equine Reiki, Animal Reiki practice
Tradition: Usui Reiki Ryōhō (Japan), Western Reiki (Takata lineage)
Related concepts: Reiki energy, Universal life energy, Distance treatment

Reference record available.

ModalityComplementary and rehabilitative therapies applied to animals

Animal Therapies

Complementary and rehabilitative therapies given to animals, including rehabilitation, massage and acupuncture.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: Complementary and alternative veterinary medicine, CAVM, Integrative veterinary medicine, Veterinary rehabilitation
Tradition: Veterinary medicine, Traditional Chinese veterinary medicine, Chiropractic, Veterinary sports medicine and rehabilitation
Related concepts: Physical rehabilitation, Soft tissue mobilization, Joint mobilization and manipulation, Acupuncture, Photobiomodulation, Kinesiology taping, Veterinary supervision and diagnosis

Reference record available.

ModalityPhysician-led medical system derived from anthroposophy

Anthroposophic Medicine

Anthroposophic Medicine is a medical system founded in the 1920s that adds anthroposophy-based therapies to conventional care.

AlternativeComplementary

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Aliases: Anthroposophical medicine, Anthroposophic healthcare
Tradition: Anthroposophy, Central European anthroposophic hospitals and practices
Related concepts: Four levels of formative forces, Threefold constitution (nerve-sense, rhythmic and motor-metabolic systems), Anthroposophic medicinal products, Potentized preparations, Mistletoe (Viscum album) extracts, Eurythmy therapy, Rhythmical massage, Anthroposophic art therapies, External applications (embrocation, compresses, baths)

Reference record available.

ModalityDietary pattern described as lowering inflammation

Anti-Inflammatory Diet

The anti-inflammatory diet is a popular label for eating patterns described as lowering inflammation in the body.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Antiinflammatory diet, Anti-inflammatory dietary pattern
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Dietary Inflammatory Index, Inflammatory biomarkers (CRP, IL-6), Pro-inflammatory versus anti-inflammatory dietary patterns, Surrogate markers versus clinical outcomes, Risks of unnecessary dietary restriction

Reference record available.

ModalityModern postural yoga style with Tantric philosophy

Anusara Yoga

Anusara Yoga is a style of hatha yoga founded in the US in 1997 that pairs alignment principles with Tantric philosophy.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Anusara
Tradition: Yoga traditions
Related concepts: Mind-Body Connection, Spirituality, Awareness

Reference record available.

ModalityTherapeutic use of honeybee products

Apitherapy

Apitherapy is the use of honeybee products, including honey, propolis, royal jelly, pollen and venom, for health purposes.

AlternativeComplementary

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Aliases: Bee product therapy, Bee venom therapy, Bee venom acupuncture, Bee sting therapy, Live bee acupuncture
Tradition: Egyptian, Greek, Ayurvedic and Islamic medical uses of honey, Korean medicine (bee venom acupuncture and pharmacopuncture), Twentieth-century European apitherapy movement
Related concepts: Honey, Medical-grade honey, Propolis (bee glue), Royal jelly, Bee pollen, Bee venom (apitoxin), Live bee sting acupuncture, Bee venom acupuncture, Venom immunotherapy (distinct allergy treatment), Anaphylaxis

Reference record available.

ModalityFamily of hands-on bodywork methods done with the receiver in warm water

Aquatic Bodywork

Aquatic bodywork is a family of hands-on methods in which a practitioner moves and supports a person in warm water.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Aquatic bodywork, Water bodywork, Warm-water bodywork
Tradition: Zen Shiatsu, Harbin Hot Springs, California, Halliwick Concept, Tai chi and qigong-influenced water exercise
Related concepts: Warm-water immersion, Supported floating, Passive stretching and joint mobilization, Breath-synchronized movement, Water Breath Dance, Underwater work with a nose clip, Ten-Point Programme

Reference record available.

ModalityPlant essential oil therapy (inhalation, massage, topical use)

Aromatherapy

Aromatherapy is the use of plant essential oils, usually inhaled or applied diluted to skin, for well-being.

Complementary

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Aliases: Essential oil therapy, Aromathérapie
Tradition: French aromathérapie (twentieth century), British aromatherapy and massage practice, Clinical and nursing aromatherapy
Related concepts: Essential oils, Inhalation, Aromatherapy massage, Carrier oils, Skin sensitization, Phototoxicity, Olfactory system, Contraindications

Reference record available.

ModalityArts-based psychotherapy

Art Therapy

Art therapy, called art psychotherapy in the UK, is psychotherapy in which a trained therapist uses art-making to communicate.

Complementary

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Aliases: Art psychotherapy
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: therapeutic relationship, creative expression, art materials, arts therapies

Reference record available.

ModalityBranded abdominal and pelvic bodywork and self-care method derived from Belizean Maya healing

Arvigo Maya Abdominal Therapy

Arvigo Maya Abdominal Therapy is a trademarked external abdominal bodywork method taught by Rosita Arvigo's students.

ComplementaryAlternativeHolistic

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Aliases: Arvigo Techniques of Maya Abdominal Therapy, Arvigo Therapy, Arvigo Techniques, ATMAT, Arvigo bodywork protocol, Tul'ix Therapy
Tradition: Maya healing, Garifuna bush medicine, Naprapathy
Related concepts: Apprenticeship lineage, Five systems of flow, Chu'lel, Uterine position, Self-care massage, Pelvic steams, Cultural exchange and appropriation, Branded protocol

Reference record available.

ModalityPosture-based yoga style with fixed sequences and breath-linked movement

Ashtanga Yoga

Ashtanga Yoga is a posture-based yoga style of set sequences linked to breath, taught in Mysore-style and led classes.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga, Ashtanga Vinyasa, Ashtanga yoga method, Mysore-style yoga, Pattabhi Jois yoga
Tradition: Yoga traditions, Hinduism
Related concepts: Mind-Body Connection, Attention, Awareness, Spirituality

Reference record available.

ModalityHerbal remedy and dietary supplement from Ayurveda

Ashwagandha

Ashwagandha is the root of Withania somnifera, a shrub used in Ayurveda and sold today as a dietary supplement.

Complementary

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Aliases: Withania somnifera, Indian ginseng, Winter cherry, Indian winter cherry
Tradition: Ayurveda
Related concepts: Adaptogen, Rasayana

Reference record available.

ModalityAttachment-theory-based interventions and a distinct coercive practice family

Attachment Therapy

Attachment therapy is a label for approaches built on attachment theory and for a separate set of coercive practices.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: Attachment-based therapy, Attachment-based interventions, Holding therapy
Tradition: Attachment theory (Bowlby and Ainsworth), Developmental and clinical child psychology, Family therapy, Coercive 'attachment therapy' of the 1990s and 2000s, rejected by professional bodies
Related concepts: Attachment security, Parental sensitivity, Secure base, Disorganized attachment, Reactive attachment disorder, Disinhibited social engagement disorder, Video feedback, Holding therapy, Rebirthing, Attachment parenting (narrow sense)

Reference record available.

ConceptConcept: the mind's selection and sustained focus on some information over other input

Attention

Attention is the mind's selection and sustained focus on some information while other input is set aside.

Complementary

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Aliases: Attentional control
Tradition: Experimental psychology (William James, 1890), Contemporary cognitive neuroscience, Contemplative and mindfulness-based traditions, Education research on attention training, Information economics (Herbert Simon, 1971)
Related concepts: Selective attention, Sustained attention, Vigilance, Focused attention, Open monitoring, Covert attention, Mind wandering, Attention training, Attention economy, Cognitive rehabilitation

Reference record available.

ModalityEar-point stimulation (acupuncture microsystem)

Auricular Acupuncture

Auricular acupuncture is the stimulation of specific points on the outer ear, usually with fine needles, seeds or pressure.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: Ear acupuncture, Auriculotherapy, Auricular medicine, Auricular therapy
Tradition: Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine (umbrella), French auriculotherapy (Nogier school), NADA acudetox community practice, United States military medical acupuncture
Related concepts: Auricular somatotopy (inverted fetus map), Auricular points, Auricular branch of the vagus nerve, Semi-permanent needles, Auricular acupressure (seeds), Vascular autonomic signal, Group acupuncture (NADA protocol), Sham acupuncture

Reference record available.

ModalityAutologous blood re-injection procedure

Autohemotherapy

Autohemotherapy is the re-injection of a person's own drawn blood, sometimes after ozone or other additions.

AlternativeComplementary

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Aliases: Autohaemotherapy, Autologous whole blood therapy, Autologous blood therapy, Eigenbluttherapie, Autohemotransfusion
Tradition: Complementary medicine, Ozone-based medicine
Related concepts: Autologous whole blood, Major autohemotherapy, Minor autohemotherapy, Ozone-enriched blood, Immunomodulation (proposed)

Reference record available.

ModalityPlatelet-rich plasma injection (orthobiologic procedure)

Autologous Conditioned Plasma Therapy (ACP)

Autologous conditioned plasma is a platelet-rich plasma preparation made from a person's own blood and injected.

Complementary

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Aliases: ACP, Autologous conditioned plasma, ACP injection
Tradition: Orthopedics and sports medicine, Regenerative medicine
Related concepts: Platelet-rich plasma, Leukocyte-poor platelet-rich plasma, Platelet concentration, Intra-articular injection, Orthobiologics

Reference record available.

ModalityTraditional medical system of the Indian subcontinent

Ayurveda

Ayurveda is a traditional medical system of the Indian subcontinent that combines herbal, dietary and body therapies.

HolisticComplementary

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Aliases: Ayurvedic medicine, Ayurvedic
Tradition: Sanskrit medical literature of South Asia, Ayush systems of India
Related concepts: Tridosha (vata, pitta, kapha), Agni (digestive fire), Ama (accumulated toxins), Constitutional assessment, Panchakarma, Rasayana, Rasa shastra, Dinacharya (daily regimen), Ashtanga Ayurveda (eight branches)

Reference record available.

ModalityDietary approach within a traditional South Asian medical system

Ayurvedic Diet

The Ayurvedic Diet is the set of food and eating principles within Ayurveda, framed by doshas, digestion and tastes.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Ayurvedic nutrition, Ayurvedic nutritional therapy, Dosha diet, Ayurveda diet, Ayurvedic eating
Tradition: Yoga traditions
Related concepts: Dosha, Agni, Prakriti, Rasa (six tastes), Ama, Sattvic, rajasic and tamasic foods

Reference record available.

ModalityHerbal medicine within a traditional Indian medical system

Ayurvedic Herbal Medicine

Ayurvedic herbal medicine is the use of plant-based preparations within the Indian medical system of Ayurveda.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: Ayurvedic herbalism, Ayurvedic herbal remedies
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Dravyaguna, Rasa (taste), Guna (quality), Virya (energetic nature), Vipaka (post-digestive effect)

Reference record available.

ModalityAyurvedic oil-based self-massage

Ayurvedic self-massage

Ayurvedic self-massage is oil massage applied by a person to their own body, described in Ayurvedic texts as a daily routine.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Abhyanga, Nitya-abhyanga, Ayurvedic oil massage, Ayurvedic daily oil massage
Tradition: Ayurveda (South Asian medical tradition), Panchakarma preparatory procedures, Kerala household infant oil massage
Related concepts: Abhyanga (oil massage), Nitya-abhyanga (daily self-massage), Dinacharya (daily regimen), Vata dosha, Tila taila (sesame oil), Medicated oils (taila), Swedana (sudation), Oiling of head, ears and feet

Reference record available.

ModalityWater-based bathing therapies

Balneotherapy

Balneotherapy is the use of bathing in natural thermal or mineral waters, often at a spa, for health purposes.

HolisticComplementary

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Aliases: Spa therapy, Mineral bath therapy
Tradition: Greek and Roman bathing and healing sanctuaries, European spa medicine, French thermal cures (cures thermales)
Related concepts: Thermal mineral water, Hydrotherapy, Peloids (therapeutic mud), Radon-carbon dioxide baths, Salt baths with ultraviolet B light, Sulphur baths, Dead Sea baths, Spa cure

Reference record available.

ModalityAyurvedic panchakarma procedure (medicated rectal enema)

Basti

Basti is an Ayurvedic procedure in which a medicated liquid is given by enema, counted among the five panchakarma therapies.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: Vasti, Basti karma, Ayurvedic medicated enema, Medicated enema therapy
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Vata dosha, Panchakarma, Anuvasana (oil-based basti), Niruha (decoction-based basti)

Reference record available.

ModalityApitherapy using honeybee venom by sting or injection

Bee Venom Therapy

Bee venom therapy is the health use of venom from honeybee stings, given by live sting or by injection into the body.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: Bee venom acupuncture, Bee venom pharmacopuncture, Apitoxin therapy
Tradition: Korean medicine bee venom acupuncture and pharmacopuncture, Twentieth-century European apitherapy movement, Live bee sting acupuncture within apitherapy
Related concepts: Apitherapy (parent page), Bee venom (apitoxin), Melittin, Phospholipase A2 (bee venom), Bee venom acupuncture, Live bee sting acupuncture, Bee venom pharmacopuncture, Venom immunotherapy (separate allergy treatment), Anaphylaxis, Venom hypersensitivity testing

Reference record available.

ModalityReading-based self-help and creative arts approach

Bibliotherapy

Bibliotherapy is the use of reading, books and stories to support mental health, either as self-help or in guided groups.

Complementary

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Aliases: Biblio/poetry therapy, Books on prescription, Creative bibliotherapy, Self-help bibliotherapy
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Guided self-help, Shared reading, Creative bibliotherapy, Self-help bibliotherapy

Reference record available.

ModalityHeated postural yoga class with a fixed sequence

Bikram Yoga

Bikram Yoga is a heated-room class built on 26 set postures and two breathing exercises, taught in a fixed order.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Bikram Beginning Class
Tradition: Yoga traditions
Related concepts: Mind-Body Connection

Reference record available.

ModalityAuditory stimulation with paired tones played over headphones

Binaural Beats

Binaural beats are an auditory illusion in which two slightly different tones, one per ear, produce a perceived pulse.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: Binaural beat, Binaural auditory beats, Binaural beat stimulation, Auditory beat stimulation, Brainwave entrainment audio
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Awareness, Attention, Mind-Body Connection

Reference record available.

ModalityBody-oriented psychotherapy

Bioenergetics

Bioenergetics is a body-oriented psychotherapy founded by Alexander Lowen that combines talk with physical exercises.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Bioenergetic analysis, Bioenergetic therapy
Tradition: Reichian and post-Reichian body psychotherapy, Psychodynamic and psychoanalytic psychotherapy
Related concepts: Muscular armour, Character structure, Grounding, Bioenergy (life energy), Catharsis, Breathing stool

Reference record available.

ModalityInstrument-assisted self-regulation technique

Biofeedback

A technique in which sensors show a person a physiological signal, such as muscle activity or heart function, in real time.

AlternativeComplementary

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Aliases: Applied psychophysiology, EMG biofeedback
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: operant conditioning, psychophysiology, self-regulation, neurofeedback, pelvic floor biofeedback

Reference record available.

ModalityHormone therapy marketed as bioidentical, licensed and custom-compounded

Bioidentical Hormone Replacement

Bioidentical hormone replacement is menopausal hormone therapy using hormones chemically identical to human ones.

AlternativeComplementary

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Aliases: Bioidentical hormone therapy, BHRT, Bioidentical hormones, Compounded bioidentical hormone therapy, cBHT
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Bioidentical hormones, Compounded hormone preparations, Salivary hormone testing, Individualized dosing

Reference record available.

ModalityFamily of birth support roles, education methods and customs

Birth Support

Birth support is a family of roles, classes and customs that accompany pregnancy, labor, birth and early parenthood.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Childbirth support, Perinatal support, Maternity support, Labor support, Birth companionship
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Continuous labor support, Antenatal education, Midwife-led continuity of care, Woman-centred care, Shared decision making

Reference record available.

ModalityReiki-derived energy practice (hands-on or near-body)

Blue Star Reiki

Blue Star Reiki is a named Reiki-derived energy practice whose founder and teaching lineage are poorly documented.

ComplementaryMetaphysical

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Entry details

Aliases: None recorded
Tradition: Reiki family
Related concepts: Subtle energy, Hand placement, Teacher-led lineage

Reference record available.

ModalityHands-on stress-release technique with light pressure and guided movement

Body Stress Release

Body Stress Release is a South African hands-on technique that uses light movements to address stored tension.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: BSR, BSR technique
Tradition: South African complementary health practice, Chiropractic-influenced technique
Related concepts: Body stress, Stored tension, Biofeedback, Reflex responses, Nervous system efficiency, Practitioner registration

Reference record available.

ModalitySomatic movement education and embodied anatomy

Body-Mind Centering

Body-Mind Centering is a somatic movement approach developed by Bonnie Bainbridge Cohen for embodied study of body systems.

HolisticComplementary

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Aliases: BMC, Body Mind Centering
Tradition: Somatic movement education and therapy, Dance and movement arts, Occupational therapy and neurodevelopmental therapy (founder's training), Laban/Bartenieff movement analysis (founder's training)
Related concepts: Embodiment of body systems, Developmental movement, Somatization (Cohen's term), Centering as balancing, Cellular embodiment, Hands-on re-patterning, Kinesthetic empathy

Reference record available.

ModalityManual soft-tissue bodywork

Bowen Therapy

Bowen therapy is a manual bodywork method of gentle cross-fiber moves over soft tissue, separated by pauses.

Complementary

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Aliases: Bowen technique, Bowenwork, Bowtech, ISBT-Bowen Therapy, Fascia Bowen therapy
Tradition: Bowtech lineage, International School of Bowen Therapy lineage
Related concepts: Cross-fiber moves, Pauses between moves, Move sequences, Fascia, Myofascial pain

Reference record available.

ModalityChildbirth education method (partner-coached natural childbirth)

Bradley Method

A childbirth education program that trains a labor coach, often a partner, to support unmedicated birth.

Complementary

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Aliases: Husband-Coached Childbirth, Husband-Coached Natural Childbirth, The Bradley Method of Natural Childbirth
Tradition: Natural childbirth movement
Related concepts: Unmedicated birth, Physiologic birth, Birth coach, Childbirth education, Continuous labor support, Prenatal nutrition

Reference record available.

ModalityGaze-based, body-focused psychotherapy approach

Brainspotting

Brainspotting is a psychotherapy in which a client holds a fixed gaze position while attending to body activation.

Complementary

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Aliases: None recorded
Tradition: Trauma-focused psychotherapy, Somatic psychotherapy
Related concepts: Brainspot, Inside Window, Outside Window, Gazespotting, Dual attunement, Focused mindfulness, Subjective Units of Distress

Reference record available.

ModalityInfant feeding and lactation support

Breastfeeding

Breastfeeding is the feeding of an infant with human milk from the breast, plus the lactation support around it.

HolisticComplementary

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Aliases: Breast-feeding, Human milk feeding, Lactation support
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Exclusive breastfeeding, Complementary feeding, Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative, International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes, Lactation counseling, Peer support, Galactagogues, Wet nursing

Reference record available.

ModalityBreath-regulation practices

Breathwork

Breathwork is a group of practices in which a person deliberately changes the rate, depth or pattern of breathing.

HolisticComplementary

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Aliases: Conscious breathing
Tradition: Yoga traditions (pranayama), Tibetan Buddhist practice (g-tummo), Contemporary breathwork schools
Related concepts: Slow-paced breathing, High-ventilation breathwork, Hyperventilation, Heart rate variability

Reference record available.

ModalityGentle oil-based spinal massage

Breuss Massage

Breuss massage is a slow, gentle spinal massage using plant oil, named after Austrian naturopath Rudolf Breuss.

Complementary

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Aliases: Breuss spinal massage, Breuß massage
Tradition: Austrian naturopathy, Dorn method community
Related concepts: Spinal stretching strokes, St. John's wort oil, Intervertebral disc claims

Reference record available.

ModalityBreathing retraining method

Buteyko Method

A breathing-retraining programme devised by Konstantin Buteyko that teaches slower, shallower nasal breathing and breath pauses.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Buteyko Breathing Technique, Buteyko Breathing Method, Buteyko technique, Buteyko breathing, BBT
Tradition: Soviet-era clinical physiology, Complementary respiratory self-management
Related concepts: Chronic hyperventilation hypothesis, Carbon dioxide and airway tone, Nasal breathing, Reduced breathing, Control pause, Breath holding after exhalation, Eucapnic breathing, Dysfunctional breathing

Reference record available.

ModalityDietary approach: sustained or short-term energy restriction

Calorie Restrictive Diet

Calorie restriction is a dietary approach that lowers energy intake, studied in aging research and weight management.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: Calorie restriction, Caloric restriction, Dietary energy restriction, Calorie restriction with optimal nutrition, CRON
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Energy balance, Energy deficit, Adequate nutrition without malnutrition, Geroscience hypothesis, Biomarkers of aging

Reference record available.

ModalityCannabidiol products sold as wellness supplements

CBD Supplements

CBD supplements are consumer products containing cannabidiol, a cannabis-derived compound, sold for general wellness.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: CBD, Cannabidiol supplements, CBD oil, CBD wellness products
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Cannabidiol, Cannabinoids, Full-spectrum and broad-spectrum products, Product labeling accuracy, Cytochrome P450 drug interactions

Reference record available.

ModalityHypnosis-based support for stopping smoking and other habits

Cessation Hypnosis

Cessation hypnosis is the use of hypnosis sessions to support a person who is trying to stop smoking or a similar habit.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: Hypnosis for smoking cessation, Hypnotherapy for smoking cessation, Stop-smoking hypnosis, Quit-smoking hypnosis
Tradition: Mesmerism and Braid, Ericksonian hypnosis, Clinical and academic hypnosis
Related concepts: Hypnotic induction, Hypnotizability, Suggestion

Reference record available.

ModalityAdaptive yoga: seated or chair-supported postures, breathing and relaxation

Chair Yoga

Chair yoga adapts yoga postures, breathing and relaxation to be done seated or standing with a chair for support.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Seated Yoga, Chair-Based Yoga
Tradition: Yoga traditions
Related concepts: Mind-Body Connection, Awareness

Reference record available.

ModalityDrug-based metal-binding treatment with medical and alternative uses

Chelation Therapy

Chelation therapy is the use of drugs that bind metals or minerals in the body so that the body can excrete them.

AlternativeComplementary

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Aliases: Chelation, EDTA chelation therapy, Chelation treatment
Tradition: Clinical toxicology, Hematology, Alternative cardiovascular practice, Naturopathic and integrative practice
Related concepts: Chelating agent, Edetate disodium (Na2EDTA), Calcium disodium EDTA (CaNa2EDTA), Succimer (DMSA), DMPS, Dimercaprol (BAL), Iron chelators, Provoked urine testing, Hypocalcemia, Body burden

Reference record available.

ModalityAntenatal education and birth-preparation classes

Childbirth Preparation

Childbirth Preparation is education, usually in classes, that prepares pregnant people and partners for labour and birth.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Entry details

Aliases: Antenatal education, Antenatal classes, Childbirth education, Prenatal education, Childbirth classes, Birth preparation classes
Tradition: Natural childbirth movement, Psychoprophylactic method (Lamaze), Bradley Method, HypnoBirthing (Mongan Method), Antenatal care in health services
Related concepts: Fear-tension-pain, Psychoprophylaxis, Breathing and relaxation techniques, Self-hypnosis, Birth companion or coach, Informed consent, Antenatal classes

Reference record available.

ModalityManual therapy and health care profession

Chiropractic

Chiropractic is a health care profession focused on the spine and joints, best known for hands-on spinal manipulation.

Complementary

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Aliases: chiropractic care
Tradition: Chiropractic profession (United States origin, 1890s)
Related concepts: Spinal manipulation, Joint mobilization, Subluxation, Neuromusculoskeletal disorders, Vitalism, Primary-contact practice

Reference record available.

ModalityColored-light and color-association practices

Chromotherapy

Chromotherapy is the use of colored light, and sometimes colored objects or imagery, for health or mood purposes.

AlternativeComplementary

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Aliases: Color therapy, Colour therapy, Chromopathy
Tradition: Late 19th-century American color healing (Edwin Babbitt), Spectro-Chrome (Dinshah Ghadiali, 1920s onward), Anthroposophy (Rudolf Steiner's color writings), Western chakra-color schemes (20th century)
Related concepts: colored light, chromopathy, color-emotion associations, chakra colors, tonations, sunlight through colored glass, clinical phototherapy (a distinct use)

Reference record available.

ModalityArt therapy materials-based approach using clay and touch

Clay Art Therapy

Clay Art Therapy is the use of clay modeling within art therapy, with touch and handling of the material as a focus.

Complementary

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Aliases: Clay therapy, Clay work in art therapy, Therapeutic clay work
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Haptic perception, Sensorimotor art therapy, Bottom-up processing

Reference record available.

ModalityHypnosis used by licensed health professionals as an adjunct within healthcare

Clinical Hypnosis

Clinical hypnosis is the use of hypnosis by licensed health professionals as an adjunct to healthcare.

Complementary

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Aliases: Therapeutic hypnosis
Tradition: Mesmerism and Braid, Clinical and academic hypnosis, Ericksonian hypnosis
Related concepts: Hypnotic induction, Hypnotizability, Suggestion, Focused attention, Attention, Awareness

Reference record available.

ModalitySupervised exercise method used in rehabilitation settings

Clinical Pilates

Clinical Pilates is a physiotherapist-led, assessment-based form of Pilates exercise used in rehabilitation.

Complementary

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Aliases: Physiotherapist-led Pilates, Clinical Pilates exercise, Pilates for rehabilitation
Tradition: Pilates method (Joseph and Clara Pilates, New York), Physiotherapy and exercise rehabilitation, McKenzie directional preference approach
Related concepts: Clinical assessment, Directional preference, Motor control, Progressive loading, Supervised sessions, Reformer and mat work, Teacher-trainer accreditation

Reference record available.

ModalityPsychotherapy approach combining hypnosis with cognitive methods

Cognitive Hypnotherapy

Cognitive Hypnotherapy is a name used for hypnosis combined with cognitive behavioral therapy and for a branded approach.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: Quest Cognitive Hypnotherapy, Cognitive behavioral hypnotherapy, Cognitive-behavioral hypnotherapy, Hypnosis-enhanced CBT
Tradition: Clinical and academic hypnosis, Cognitive behavioural therapy
Related concepts: Suggestion, Hypnotizability, Hypnotic induction

Reference record available.

ModalityArt-based psychotherapeutic technique

Collage Therapy

Collage therapy is the use of collage, made from cut or torn images and found materials, in art therapy and counseling.

Complementary

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Aliases: Therapeutic collage, Collage art therapy, Collage in art therapy, Magazine Photo Collage
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Life review, Psychotherapeutic relationship, Goal imagery

Reference record available.

ModalityDietary supplement: oral collagen protein products

Collagen Supplements

Oral collagen supplements are powders, liquids and capsules made from hydrolyzed animal collagen and taken by mouth.

Complementary

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Aliases: Hydrolyzed collagen supplements, Collagen peptide supplements, Collagen hydrolysate, Oral collagen supplementation, Marine collagen supplements
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Collagen, Hydrolyzed collagen, Collagen peptides, Skin hydration and elasticity, Knee osteoarthritis, Bone mineral density, Funding source and trial quality

Reference record available.

CategoryCategory: label for practices used alongside conventional care

Complementary

Complementary is a label for health practices used together with, not instead of, conventional medical care.

Complementary

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Entry details

Aliases: Complementary health approaches, Complementary medicine, CAM
Tradition: NIH Office of Alternative Medicine (1992), NCCAM (1998) and NCCIH (2014), WHO traditional and complementary medicine, Integrative medicine academic centers
Related concepts: Complementary versus alternative, Integrative health, Whole person health, Conventional medicine, Traditional and complementary medicine, Dietary supplement interactions, Disclosure to clinicians

Reference record available.

ModalityWorkplace yoga and mind-body program

Corporate Yoga

Corporate yoga is a set of yoga and mindfulness sessions that employers offer to staff at work or online.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Workplace yoga, Yoga in the workplace
Tradition: Yoga traditions
Related concepts: Mindfulness, Mind-Body Connection, Attention

Reference record available.

ModalityLight-touch manual therapy

Craniosacral Therapy

A hands-on practice using light touch between the cranium and the sacrum, derived from cranial osteopathy.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: CST, Cranio-sacral therapy
Tradition: Osteopathy (cranial field), Upledger CranioSacral Therapy, Biodynamic craniosacral
Related concepts: Primary respiratory mechanism, Cranial rhythmic impulse, Cerebrospinal fluid, Palpation

Reference record available.

ModalityCold exposure and physical-agent therapy (chambers, cabins, immersion)

Cryotherapy

Cryotherapy is the therapeutic or recreational use of extreme cold, such as chamber air or cold water, on the body.

AlternativeComplementary

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Aliases: Whole-body cryotherapy, Whole-body cryostimulation, Cryostimulation, Cold therapy, Cold-water immersion
Tradition: Sports recovery, Rheumatology-based physical medicine, Spa and wellness cold exposure
Related concepts: Whole-body cryotherapy, Partial-body cryotherapy, Cryostimulation, Cold-water immersion, Delayed-onset muscle soreness, Cryosurgery (separate clinical field)

Reference record available.

ModalitySound practice: instrument-based sound bath and sound meditation

Crystal Singing Bowls

Crystal singing bowls are quartz glass bowls played by rubbing or striking to make sustained tones in sound baths.

ComplementaryHolisticMetaphysical

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Entry details

Aliases: Quartz crystal singing bowls, Quartz singing bowls, Crystal bowls, Quartz crystal bowls
Tradition: New Age spirituality, Yoga traditions
Related concepts: Mindfulness, Attention, Spirituality, Mind-Body Connection

Reference record available.

ModalitySuction-based skin and soft-tissue procedures

Cupping therapy

Cupping therapy is a practice in which cups are placed on the skin and suction is applied, sometimes after skin incisions.

HolisticComplementary

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Aliases: Cupping, Hijama, Hijamah, Al-hijamah, Bá guàn
Tradition: Traditional Chinese medicine, Arabic and Islamic traditional medicine (hijama), Unani medicine, Egyptian medical writings, Greek and later European medicine
Related concepts: Dry cupping, Wet cupping (bloodletting cupping), Fire cupping (flame-created suction), Moving cupping, Negative pressure, Sham cupping, Reporting standards for cupping trials

Reference record available.

ModalityArts-based psychotherapeutic movement practice

Dance Therapy

Dance therapy is a form of psychotherapy that uses movement and dance as its main medium of expression and change.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Dance movement therapy, Dance/movement therapy, DMT, Dance movement psychotherapy, Movement therapy
Tradition: Chace method, Authentic Movement, Laban movement analysis, Jungian-influenced movement work, Adlerian-influenced dance therapy
Related concepts: Empathic reflection, Mirroring, Movement observation, Active imagination, Functional Technique, Psycho-physical unity, Body image work, Informed consent for touch

Reference record available.

ModalityClinical research-derived dietary pattern

DASH Diet

The DASH Diet is an eating pattern developed from US clinical trials on how food choices affect blood pressure.

Complementary

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Entry details

Aliases: Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, DASH eating plan, DASH eating pattern, DASH
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Blood pressure management, Dietary sodium, Dietary potassium

Reference record available.

ModalityManual soft-tissue therapy (therapeutic massage)

Deep Tissue Massage

Deep tissue massage is a form of therapeutic massage in which a therapist works on deeper layers of muscle and connective tissue.

Complementary

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Aliases: Deep-tissue massage
Tradition: Western therapeutic massage
Related concepts: Layers of soft tissue, Holding patterns, Sustained pressure, Deep massage versus deep tissue massage, Chronic musculoskeletal pain

Reference record available.

ModalityHormone precursor supplement and licensed vaginal product

DHEA Supplementation

DHEA supplementation is the use of dehydroepiandrosterone, an adrenal hormone precursor, as a supplement or vaginal product.

AlternativeComplementary

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Aliases: DHEA, Dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA sulfate, Prasterone
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Adrenal steroid precursor, DHEA sulfate, Dietary supplement, Prasterone, Genitourinary syndrome of menopause, Androgenic effects

Reference record available.

ModalityAboriginal wind instrument used in sound practice and breath training

Didgeridoo

The didgeridoo, called yidaki by the Yolngu, is a wooden drone horn from northern Australia, now played worldwide.

ComplementaryHolisticMetaphysical

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Aliases: yidaki, yiḏaki, didjeridu, didjeridoo
Tradition: Aboriginal Australian traditions, New Age spirituality
Related concepts: Attention, Mind-Body Connection, Spirituality

Reference record available.

ModalityFamily of named eating patterns and food-based programs

Dietary Approaches

A family of named eating patterns and food-based programs adopted for health, ethical, religious or cultural reasons.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Dietary patterns, Named diets, Eating patterns
Tradition: Islam, Christianity
Related concepts: Therapeutic diet, Elimination diet, Fasting, Calorie restriction, Dietary pattern, Nutritional adequacy, Dietary misinformation

Reference record available.

ModalityFamily of oral nutritional and natural products

Dietary Supplements

Dietary supplements are concentrated vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, live microbes and similar products taken by mouth.

Complementary

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Aliases: Nutritional supplements, Food supplements, Vitamin and mineral supplements
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Nutrient deficiency, Primary prevention, Tolerable upper intake level, Third-party quality testing, Antioxidant supplementation

Reference record available.

ModalityRegulated allied health profession in nutrition care

Dietetics

Dietetics is the allied health profession that applies nutrition science to assess and manage diet-related health conditions.

Complementary

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Entry details

Aliases: Clinical dietetics, Nutrition and dietetics, Medical nutrition therapy
Tradition: Home economics, Hospital diet kitchens, Clinical nutrition science
Related concepts: Medical nutrition therapy, Nutrition care process, Registered dietitian, Individualized nutrition therapy, Dietary management of disease, Professional registers, Evidence-based practice

Reference record available.

ModalityArt therapy using digital media or online delivery

Digital Art Therapy

Digital art therapy is art therapy that uses digital media, such as tablets or virtual reality, or online delivery.

Complementary

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Entry details

Aliases: Technology-assisted art therapy, Online art therapy, Virtual art therapy, Art therapy by electronic means
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Telehealth, Virtual reality, Informed consent, Confidentiality

Reference record available.

ModalityLifestyle regimen within Ayurveda (daily routine)

Dinacharya

Dinacharya is the Ayurvedic term for a daily regimen of conduct, covering waking, hygiene, meals, activity and rest.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Dinacarya, Dinacaryā, Ayurvedic daily routine, Ayurvedic daily regimen
Tradition: Hinduism, Yoga traditions
Related concepts: Circadian rhythm, Ritucharya (seasonal regimen), Agni, Dosha, Sleep regularity

Reference record available.

ConceptConcept: DNA methylation and DNA repair as biology and as wellness marketing terms

DNA Methylation and Repair

DNA methylation and DNA repair are cellular processes studied in biology, and wellness marketing often uses both terms loosely.

Complementary

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Entry details

Aliases: None recorded
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: DNA methylation and gene regulation, DNA repair pathways, Repair capacity assays, Epigenetic clocks, Folate as a methyl donor, Wellness claims about methylation and DNA repair

Reference record available.

ModalityJapanese psychological rehabilitation and body movement method

Dohsa-hou

Dohsa-hou is a Japanese psychological rehabilitation method that uses guided body movement tasks with trainer feedback.

AlternativeComplementary

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Aliases: Dousa-hou, Dohsahou, body movement method, Japanese psychorehabilitation
Tradition: Japanese psychological rehabilitation, Japanese rehabilitation psychology
Related concepts: Intention, effort and movement, Muscle tension and relaxation, Movement tasks, Trainer and trainee roles, Body awareness, Self-regulation, Training camps

Reference record available.

ModalityManual therapy with active patient movement

Dorn Method

The Dorn Method is a manual therapy in which light pressure is applied to the spine while the person moves a limb.

Complementary

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Aliases: Dorn therapy, Dorntherapie, Dorn-Methode, Dorn spinal therapy
Tradition: German folk medicine, Manual therapy
Related concepts: Vertebral misalignment, Joint blockade, Active patient movement, Leg-length asymmetry, Nerve compression hypothesis

Reference record available.

ModalityNon-clinical perinatal support (pregnancy, labor and postpartum)

Doula

A doula is a trained non-clinical support person who offers emotional, physical and informational help around birth.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Birth doula, Labor doula, Postpartum doula, Antepartum doula
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Continuous labor support, Non-clinical support, Birth companion, Postpartum doula support, Community-based doula care, Doula scope of practice

Reference record available.

ModalityCreative arts psychotherapy using drama and theater processes

Drama Therapy

Drama therapy is the intentional use of drama and theater processes by trained clinicians to pursue therapeutic goals.

Complementary

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Aliases: Dramatherapy
Tradition: Creative arts therapies, British dramatherapy, North American drama therapy, Sesame approach
Related concepts: Role, Embodiment, Projection, Distancing, Improvisation, Storytelling, Enactment, Playback Theater, Life review

Reference record available.

ModalityGroup and individual rhythm-based drumming activity

Drum Therapy

Drum therapy is the use of group or individual drumming, often in facilitated circles, for wellbeing or rehabilitation.

HolisticComplementary

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Entry details

Aliases: Therapeutic drumming, Group drumming, Drum circles, Drumming therapy, Recreational drumming
Tradition: Jembe (djembe) drumming in Mali and Guinea, Sámi noaidi drum traditions, Core shamanism (contemporary Western), Community music-making, Music therapy (a separate profession)
Related concepts: Rhythmic entrainment, Facilitated drum circle, Recreational music-making, Call-and-response, Altered states of consciousness, Shamanic journeying, Neuroendocrine-immune markers, Hand-arm vibration, Noise exposure

Reference record available.

ModalitySuction cup application to intact skin, without bloodletting

Dry Cupping

Dry cupping is a form of cupping that places suction cups on intact skin without drawing blood, leaving circular marks.

Complementary

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Entry details

Aliases: Bloodless cupping, Dry cupping therapy
Tradition: Traditional Chinese Medicine, Greek medicine
Related concepts: Qi

Reference record available.

ModalityNeedle-based manual and musculoskeletal pain technique

Dry Needling

Dry needling is the insertion of thin solid needles, with no injected substance, into muscle or related tissue.

Complementary

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Aliases: Trigger point dry needling, Intramuscular manual therapy, Intramuscular stimulation, Myofascial trigger point needling
Tradition: Physical therapy, Myofascial trigger point theory, Western biomedical acupuncture literature
Related concepts: Myofascial trigger point, Taut band, Local twitch response, Wet needling, Filiform needle, Neuromusculoskeletal pain

Reference record available.

ModalityHerbal remedy and dietary supplement ingredient

Echinacea

Echinacea is a North American coneflower plant whose roots and aerial parts are made into extracts, teas and tablets.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: Coneflower, Purple coneflower, Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida
Tradition: Native American traditional use, Eclectic medicine, German phytotherapy
Related concepts: Immune stimulation, Species and plant-part variation, Standardization of extracts

Reference record available.

ModalityInstrument-assisted self-regulation technique

EEG Biofeedback

A form of biofeedback in which a person sees their own brain electrical activity (EEG) and learns to change it.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: Neurofeedback, EEG neurofeedback, EEG operant conditioning
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: operant conditioning, electroencephalography (EEG), sensorimotor rhythm (SMR), alpha rhythm, neurofeedback, biofeedback

Reference record available.

ModalityAcupoint tapping psychological technique within energy psychology

EFT (Emotional Freedom Techniques)

EFT (Emotional Freedom Techniques) is a brief psychological method pairing acupoint tapping with attention to distress.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: EFT, Emotional Freedom Techniques, Emotional Freedom Technique, Clinical EFT, EFT tapping, Tapping
Tradition: Traditional Chinese Medicine
Related concepts: Qi, Mind-Body Connection, Attention, Awareness, Exposure, Meridians

Reference record available.

ModalityHypnosis-informed psychotherapy

Ego State Therapy

Ego state therapy is a psychotherapy that treats personality as a set of ego states and works with them directly.

Complementary

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Aliases: Ego-State Therapy, Hypnotic ego state therapy, EST
Tradition: Psychodynamic psychotherapy, Clinical hypnosis
Related concepts: Ego states, Abreaction, Ego strengthening, Family of self, Dissociation, Co-consciousness

Reference record available.

ModalityHerbal remedy: elderberry preparations used for colds and influenza

Elderberry

Elderberry is the use of Sambucus nigra berry and flower preparations, such as syrups and extracts, for colds and flu.

Complementary

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Aliases: Black elderberry, Sambucus nigra, Black elder, Elder
Tradition: European folk medicine
Related concepts: Sambucus nigra, Cyanogenic glycosides, Cytokine storm, Dietary supplements

Reference record available.

ModalityTrauma-focused psychotherapy

EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing)

A psychotherapy in which a person recalls a distressing memory while following bilateral stimulation, such as eye movements.

Complementary

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Aliases: EMDR, EMDR therapy, Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing, Eye movement desensitization
Tradition: Clinical psychology, Trauma-focused psychotherapy
Related concepts: Bilateral stimulation, Dual attentional focus, Phased protocol, Target memory, Dismantling studies, Trauma-focused therapy

Reference record available.

ModalityLight finger-pressure manual therapy

Emmett Technique

The Emmett Technique is a manual therapy using brief, light finger pressure at specific points on the body.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: Emmett therapy, Emmett muscle release therapy
Tradition: Developed in Queensland, Australia
Related concepts: EMMETT points, Muscle release, Light touch, Power of three (three applications per point), Myofascial release (as framed in one dissertation), Trigger points (as framed in one dissertation)

Reference record available.

ModalitySupportive care family: psychosocial, spiritual and non-medical support near the end of life

End of Life Therapy

An umbrella term for psychosocial, spiritual and practical supports offered to people near the end of life and their families.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Entry details

Aliases: End-of-life care support, End-of-life support
Tradition: Hospice movement, Palliative care
Related concepts: Total pain, Dignity, Meaning-making, Life review, Legacy work, Advance care planning, Death literacy, Spiritual care, Existential distress

Reference record available.

ModalityBiofield-based touch and non-contact healing practices

Energy Healing

Energy healing is an umbrella term for practices in which practitioners aim to influence a person's energy field.

MetaphysicalAlternativeComplementary

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Entry details

Aliases: Biofield therapy, Biofield therapies, Energy medicine
Tradition: Reiki (Japanese origin), Therapeutic Touch, Healing Touch, External qigong, Theosophy-influenced healing
Related concepts: Biofield, Human energy field, Vital force, Qi, Prana, Ki, Attunement, Centring, Intention, Local and distant healing, Animal magnetism

Reference record available.

ModalityTapping-based psychotherapy methods linked to energy concepts

Energy Psychology

Energy psychology is a group of therapies that pair tapping on body points with attention to distressing thoughts or memories.

AlternativeMetaphysicalComplementary

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Entry details

Aliases: Acupoint tapping, Meridian tapping, Tapping therapies, EFT tapping
Tradition: Thought Field Therapy, Emotional Freedom Techniques, Traditional Chinese medicine (borrowed acupoint concepts)
Related concepts: Acupoint tapping, Energy meridians, Setup statement, Reminder phrase, Subjective units of distress, Imaginal exposure, Cognitive restructuring, Clinical EFT, Memory reconsolidation

Reference record available.

ModalityHuman-animal interaction therapy with horses

Equine Assisted Therapy

Equine assisted therapy is the use of horses in rehabilitation or psychotherapy delivered by licensed professionals.

Complementary

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Aliases: Equine-assisted services, Equine-assisted activities and therapies, EAAT, Equine therapy, Horse-assisted therapy
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Equine-assisted services, Hippotherapy, Therapeutic riding, Psychotherapy incorporating horses, Equine-assisted learning, Equine specialist, Gross Motor Function Measure, Horse welfare

Reference record available.

ModalityHypnosis and psychotherapy approach based on Milton H. Erickson's clinical work

Ericksonian Method

The Ericksonian method is an approach to hypnosis and psychotherapy based on the clinical work of Milton H. Erickson.

Complementary

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Entry details

Aliases: Ericksonian hypnosis, Ericksonian hypnotherapy, Ericksonian psychotherapy, Ericksonian therapy, Ericksonian approach
Tradition: Ericksonian hypnosis, Clinical and academic hypnosis
Related concepts: Hypnotic induction, Hypnotizability, Suggestion, Focused attention, Attention

Reference record available.

ModalityMultimodal arts-based psychotherapy and group practice

Expressive Arts

Expressive arts is the combined use of visual art, music, movement, drama and writing in a facilitated process.

Complementary

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Aliases: Expressive arts therapy, Expressive therapies, Intermodal expressive arts therapy, Expressive arts
Tradition: Person-centered expressive arts, Intermodal expressive arts therapy, Lesley College expressive therapies tradition, European Graduate School tradition
Related concepts: Intermodal, Creative Connection, Crystallization theory, Polyaesthetics, Poiesis, Art making process, Multiple arts modalities

Reference record available.

ModalitySuction-cup facial and neck treatment, cosmetic use of cupping

Facial Cupping

Facial cupping is the use of small suction cups on the face and neck, offered as a cosmetic treatment and in home kits.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Entry details

Aliases: Face cupping, Cosmetic cupping
Tradition: Traditional Chinese Medicine
Related concepts: Qi, Cosmetic acupuncture

Reference record available.

ModalitySomatic movement education

Feldenkrais Method

A movement-based form of somatic education taught in group lessons or one-to-one with gentle touch.

HolisticComplementary

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Aliases: Feldenkrais, Awareness Through Movement, Functional Integration
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: somatic education, movement awareness, motor learning, Awareness Through Movement, Functional Integration

Reference record available.

ModalityHeat-assisted suction cupping method

Fire Cupping

Fire cupping is a cupping method in which a flame warms the air inside a cup so that suction forms on the skin as it cools.

Complementary

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Entry details

Aliases: Fire cupping therapy, Flash-fire cupping
Tradition: Traditional Chinese Medicine, Greek medicine
Related concepts: Negative pressure, Qi, Yin and yang, Retained cupping

Reference record available.

ModalityDietary pattern (mostly plant-based eating with occasional meat or fish)

Flexitarian Diet

A mostly plant-based eating pattern that includes occasional meat or fish, with no single standard definition.

Complementary

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Aliases: Semi-vegetarian diet
Tradition: Vegetarian and plant-forward eating, Dietary research and clinical nutrition
Related concepts: Mostly vegetarian eating, Occasional meat or fish, Semi-vegetarian pattern, Nutrient adequacy planning, Restrained eating

Reference record available.

ModalityEnvironmental stimulus-reduction and relaxation therapy

Float Therapy

Float therapy is lying in a dark, quiet tank of warm, salt-saturated water to limit sensory input.

Complementary

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Aliases: Flotation therapy, Flotation-REST, Floatation therapy, Sensory deprivation tank therapy, Float tank therapy, Float pod therapy, Restricted environmental stimulation therapy
Tradition: Sensory deprivation research, Contemporary wellness practice
Related concepts: Restricted environmental stimulation, Buoyancy in Epsom salt solution, Skin-temperature water, Relaxation response, Altered states of consciousness

Reference record available.

ModalityNeurofeedback: real-time brain imaging self-regulation

fMRI Neurofeedback

Real-time fMRI neurofeedback displays live brain activity from an MRI scanner so people can try to change it.

Complementary

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Entry details

Aliases: rtfMRI neurofeedback, Real-time fMRI neurofeedback, fMRI-NF, fMRI biofeedback
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal, Self-regulation of brain activity, Brain-computer interface, Sham feedback, Amygdala regulation

Reference record available.

ModalityGuided or self-led nature immersion

Forest Bathing

A slow, sensory time among trees, from the Japanese shinrin-yoku, in which attention rests on sights, sounds and smells.

HolisticComplementary

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Entry details

Aliases: Shinrin-yoku, Forest therapy, Forest medicine, Nature immersion
Tradition: Japanese preventive health programme (shinrin-yoku, 1980s)
Related concepts: Nature connection, Mindful attention, Stress reduction, Forest therapy guide

Reference record available.

ModalityReflective and psychotherapeutic practice rooted in religious and philosophical traditions

Forgiveness

Forgiveness is a practice of responding to a wrong by relinquishing resentment, taught in religious traditions and in counselling.

HolisticComplementary

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Entry details

Aliases: Forgiveness therapy, Forgiveness interventions
Tradition: Judaism (teshuvah), Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, Counselling and clinical psychology, Moral philosophy
Related concepts: Resentment, Decisional and process-based forgiveness, Enright process model, REACH model, Self-forgiveness, Reconciliation, Condoning and excusing, Interpersonal hurt

Reference record available.

ModalitySystems-based clinical model for chronic disease care

Functional Medicine

Functional medicine is a systems-biology-based clinical model that looks for modifiable causes of chronic illness.

Complementary

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Aliases: Functional Medicine model, FM
Tradition: Institute for Functional Medicine (United States, founded 1991)
Related concepts: Systems biology, Root-cause assessment, Gene-environment interaction, Core clinical imbalances, Functional Medicine Matrix, Shared medical appointments, Patient-reported outcomes

Reference record available.

ModalityReiki lineage blending Japanese Gakkai-derived and Western practice

Gendai Reiki Ho

Gendai Reiki Ho is a Reiki method founded by Hiroshi Doi that blends Japanese and Western Reiki teaching.

MetaphysicalComplementary

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Aliases: Gendai Reiki, Gendai Reiki-ho, Gendai Reiki Hō, Modern Reiki Method
Tradition: Usui Reiki Ryōhō (Japan), Western Reiki (Takata lineage), Gendai Reiki Hō
Related concepts: Reiki energy, Reiju, Attunement, Five precepts (gokai), Self-treatment, Lineage

Reference record available.

TraditionTradition: German non-physician practitioner profession and naturopathic practice

German Heilpraktiker practice

German Heilpraktiker practice is the work of licensed non-physician health practitioners in Germany.

AlternativeComplementary

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Entry details

Aliases: Heilpraktiker, Heilpraktikerin, German Heilpraktiker practice, Non-medical practitioner (Germany), Non-medical naturopathic practitioner, Natural health practitioner (Germany)
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Naturopathy, Non-medical practitioner, Complementary and alternative medicine, Lay healing, Neue Deutsche Heilkunde, Kur (spa stay), Primary care, Professional regulation, Patient safety

Reference record available.

ModalityHumanistic-experiential psychotherapy

Gestalt Therapy

Gestalt therapy is a humanistic psychotherapy that works with present-moment awareness and contact with the environment.

Complementary

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Aliases: Gestalt psychotherapy, Gestalt counseling, Integrative Gestalt therapy
Tradition: Humanistic psychotherapy, Existential philosophy, Gestalt psychology
Related concepts: Contact and the contact boundary, Awareness, Figure-ground, Unfinished business, Experiments, Empty chair technique, Creative adjustment, Introjection, projection, retroflection and confluence, Organism-environment field

Reference record available.

ModalityHerbal medicine: standardized leaf extract of a single plant

Ginkgo Biloba

Ginkgo biloba is a tree whose leaf extracts are sold as herbal medicines and supplements, notably for memory.

Complementary

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Aliases: Ginkgo, Maidenhair tree, Ginkgo biloba extract, Ginkgo leaf extract, Gingko biloba
Tradition: Traditional Chinese Medicine, German phytotherapy
Related concepts: Standardized plant extract, Herb-drug interaction, Adulteration and contamination

Reference record available.

ModalityHerbal remedy (root botanical)

Ginseng

Ginseng is a group of Panax and related root herbs used in Chinese and Korean medicine and sold as supplements.

Complementary

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Aliases: Asian ginseng, Korean ginseng, Chinese ginseng, Red ginseng, Panax ginseng, Renshen
Tradition: Traditional Chinese Medicine, Korean traditional medicine
Related concepts: Adaptogen, Ginsenosides

Reference record available.

ModalityTherapeutic and elective diet (gluten exclusion)

Gluten-Free Diet

A diet that excludes gluten, a protein in wheat, barley and rye, used as medical treatment and also as a lifestyle choice.

Complementary

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Entry details

Aliases: GFD, Gluten avoidance
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Gluten, Cross-contact, Gluten challenge before testing, Non-celiac gluten sensitivity

Reference record available.

ModalityReiki-derived hands-on energy practice

Golden Age Reiki

Golden Age Reiki is a Reiki-derived practice that adds spiritual ideas about a Golden Age to hands-on energy work.

ComplementaryMetaphysical

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Entry details

Aliases: None recorded
Tradition: Reiki family: Usui Reiki Ryōhō and Western Reiki lineages, Golden Age Reiki lineage (founder and origin not verified)
Related concepts: Reiki energy, Hand positions, Attunement, Lineage

Reference record available.

ModalitySound-based relaxation and meditation practice using gongs

Gong Therapy

Gong therapy is a sound practice in which participants listen, often lying down, to gongs played by a facilitator.

ComplementaryHolisticMetaphysical

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Aliases: Gong bath, Gong meditation, Gong healing
Tradition: Yoga traditions, Buddhism
Related concepts: Mind-Body Connection, Spirituality

Reference record available.

ModalityReflective and expressive appreciation exercises

Gratitude

Gratitude practice is the deliberate noticing and acknowledging of what a person appreciates, often via lists, journals or letters

HolisticComplementary

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Aliases: Gratitude practice, Gratitude journaling, Gratitude exercises, Gratitude interventions, Counting blessings, Gratitude listing, Gratitude letters
Tradition: Buddhism (Pali canon), Roman Stoicism, Islam, Positive psychology
Related concepts: Counting blessings, Gratitude listing, Gratitude letter writing, Gratitude journaling, Savouring appreciation, Positive psychology interventions, Subjective well-being

Reference record available.

ModalityCounseling and psychotherapy for bereavement and grief

Grief Counseling

Grief counseling is professional support for bereaved people, offered one-to-one, in groups or in hospice settings.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Bereavement counseling, Bereavement support, Grief therapy, Grief support, Bereavement counselling
Tradition: Psychotherapy, Palliative and hospice care, Peer support
Related concepts: Grief, Bereavement, Mourning, Prolonged grief disorder, Complicated grief, Dual process model, Stage theory of grief, Continuing bonds, Meaning reconstruction, Grief-focused cognitive behavioral therapy, Peer support groups, Risk factors for complicated grief

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ModalityBody-contact practice with the earth or conductive grounding systems

Grounding

Grounding, or earthing, is direct bodily contact with the earth, such as walking barefoot or using conductive mats indoors.

HolisticComplementary

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Aliases: Earthing, Biological grounding
Tradition: Earthing movement of the 2000s and 2010s, associated with Clint Ober and colleagues
Related concepts: Direct contact of the body with the earth's surface, Walking barefoot outdoors, Conductive sheets, mats and patches used indoors, Electrons from the earth (proponent hypothesis), Psychological grounding techniques are a separate term

Reference record available.

ModalityManual skin-scraping technique of Chinese and Southeast Asian folk medicine

Gua Sha

Gua sha is a technique in which a smooth-edged tool is stroked firmly over lubricated skin until marks appear.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Scraping therapy, Coining, Coin rubbing, Cao gio, Kerokan, Spooning, Press-stroking, Guasha
Tradition: Traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese folk medicine, Vietnamese folk medicine (cao gio), Indonesian folk medicine (kerokan), Southeast Asian household remedies (coining)
Related concepts: Sha (petechiae), Blood stagnation, Petechiae and ecchymosis, Unidirectional scraping, Lubricated skin, Smooth-edged tools, Instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilisation, Microcirculation (proposed mechanism)

Reference record available.

ModalityDirected mental imagery for relaxation and coping

Guided imagery

Guided imagery is the use of spoken, written or recorded prompts to lead a person through imagined scenes or sensations.

Complementary

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Aliases: Guided mental imagery, Visualization, Imagery therapy, Relaxation imagery, Mental rehearsal
Tradition: Imagery-based psychotherapy, Nursing and supportive-care relaxation programs, Behavioral medicine
Related concepts: Mental imagery, Progressive relaxation, Audio-recorded scripts, Guided affective imagery, Perioperative anxiety, Imagination inflation, Mental rehearsal

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ModalityVoice-led meditation practices

Guided Meditation

Guided meditation is meditation led by a voice, live or recorded, that directs a person's attention during the session.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Audio-guided meditation, Guided mindfulness meditation
Tradition: Yoga nidra, Secular mindfulness-based programmes, Contemporary meditation apps
Related concepts: Self-guided digital delivery, Facilitator-guided delivery, Mindfulness training apps, Adherence, Meditation-related adverse events

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ModalityVoice-led mental imagery and relaxation practices

Guided Visualization

Guided visualization is the use of spoken or recorded prompts to lead a person through imagined scenes, usually after relaxation.

Complementary

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Aliases: Guided imagery, Visualization, Guided mental imagery, Relaxation imagery
Tradition: Imagery-based psychotherapy, Nursing and supportive-care relaxation programs
Related concepts: Mental imagery, Relaxation response, Audio-recorded scripts, Imagery rescripting, Preoperative anxiety, Imagination inflation

Reference record available.

ModalityClinical hypnosis applied to disorders of gut-brain interaction

Gut-Directed Hypnotherapy

Clinical hypnosis in which a trained therapist directs suggestion and imagery toward gut symptoms, mainly in IBS.

Complementary

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Aliases: Gut-focused hypnotherapy, Gut-directed hypnosis, Hypnotherapy for IBS, Manchester protocol, North Carolina protocol, GDH
Tradition: Clinical and academic hypnosis
Related concepts: Hypnotic induction, Hypnotizability, Suggestion, Focused attention, Mind-Body Connection

Reference record available.

ModalitySpiral and wave-pattern movement method taught on equipment or a mat

Gyrotonic

Gyrotonic is a trademarked exercise method built on circular, spiral and wave-like movement, taught on pulley equipment.

Complementary

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Aliases: Gyrotonic Expansion System, Gyrotonic method, Gyrokinesis, Gyrokinesis method
Tradition: Dance training, Modern studio fitness
Related concepts: Spinal articulation, Circular and spiral movement, Breath-movement coordination, Pulley tower, Gyrokinesis mat method, Trademark-licensed trainers

Reference record available.

ModalityMindfulness-based body-centered psychotherapy

Hakomi

Hakomi is a mindfulness-based, body-centered form of experiential psychotherapy developed by Ron Kurtz in the 1970s.

Complementary

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Aliases: Hakomi Method, Hakomi Mindful Somatic Psychotherapy, Hakomi Method of Experiential Psychotherapy, Hakomi Therapy
Tradition: Body psychotherapy, Experiential psychotherapy, Buddhist and Taoist influences
Related concepts: Mindfulness, Mind-body holism, Nonviolence, Organicity, Unity, Loving presence, Core material, Somatic indicators, Missing experience, Assisted self-study

Reference record available.

ModalityPercussive bodywork term with no standardized definition

Hammer Tapping

Hammer tapping is a term for striking the body with a hammer or similar tool in bodywork, with no standard definition.

AlternativeComplementary

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Aliases: None recorded
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Percussion, Tapotement, Reflex hammer, Percussive massage

Reference record available.

ModalityManual therapy of the hands and forearms

Hand Massage

Hand massage is manual manipulation of the soft tissues of the hands, fingers and often the forearms.

Complementary

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Aliases: Hand massage therapy
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Nonpharmacological nursing intervention, Comfort, Effleurage, Massage and touch

Reference record available.

ModalitySouth Asian yoga system of postures, breath control and cleansing, and a modern postural class label

Hatha Yoga

Hatha Yoga is a system of yoga described in medieval Sanskrit texts and a common label for modern postural yoga classes.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Haṭha yoga, Haṭhayoga, Hatha-yoga, Hatha yoga classes
Tradition: Yoga traditions, Hinduism, Buddhism
Related concepts: Mind-Body Connection

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ModalityTouch-based psychosensory approach for distressing memories

Havening Techniques

Havening Techniques is a trademarked psychosensory method pairing touch on the arms, face or hands with mental tasks.

Complementary

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Aliases: Havening, Havening Touch, Havening psychosensory therapy
Tradition: Psychosensory therapies
Related concepts: Havening Touch, Event Havening, Self-Havening, Subjective Units of Distress, Amygdala depotentiation hypothesis, Delta-wave hypothesis, CASE checklist

Reference record available.

ModalityIndigenous Native Hawaiian health and healing traditions

Hawaiian Health

Hawaiian Health is an umbrella term for Native Hawaiian ways of understanding health, illness and healing, past and present.

HolisticComplementary

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Aliases: Native Hawaiian health, Native Hawaiian healing, Hawaiian traditional healing, Hawaiian healing traditions, Kānaka ʻŌiwi healing
Tradition: Native Hawaiian (Kānaka ʻŌiwi, Kānaka Maoli), Lāʻau lapaʻau (plant-based medicine), Lomilomi (massage), Hoʻoponopono (family reconciliation process), Pule (prayer), Kūpuna councils of traditional Hawaiian healing practices
Related concepts: Ola (health and wellbeing), Mauli ola (health and wellbeing, as used by Papa Ola Lōkahi), Lōkahi (harmony), Maʻi (illness, understood as imbalance), Pilina (relationships), ʻĀina (land), Mālama ʻāina (caring for the land), Kūpuna (elders)

Reference record available.

ModalityManual therapy: massage of the scalp, head, neck and face

Head Massage

Head massage is manual massage of the scalp, head, neck and sometimes the face, offered in spas, clinics and care settings.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Indian head massage, Champi, Scalp massage, Head and scalp massage, Head and facial massage
Tradition: Indian head massage (champi), Ayurvedic head oiling (shiro-abhyanga), Chinese head massage, Thai yoga facial massage, Western spa and beauty therapy
Related concepts: Scalp and facial manipulation, Effleurage and petrissage, Marma points, Consultation and contraindication screening, Aftercare advice, Heart rate variability, Stress hormones

Reference record available.

ModalityManual soft-tissue bodywork with movement education and dialogue

Hellerwork

Hellerwork is a branded series of structural bodywork, movement education and dialogue sessions.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Hellerwork Structural Integration, Heller Method
Tradition: Structural integration, Rolfing-derived bodywork, Somatic education
Related concepts: Fascia, Structural bodywork, Movement education, Somatic dialogue, Posture, Series of sessions

Reference record available.

ModalityPlant-based medicine (herbalism and phytotherapy)

Herbal Medicine

Herbal medicine is the use of plants and plant extracts, such as teas, tinctures and capsules, for health purposes.

AlternativeComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Herbalism, Phytotherapy, Botanical medicine, Western herbal medicine, Western herbalism, Medical herbalism
Tradition: Western herbalism, Modern European phytotherapy, Nineteenth-century American botanical medicine (Thomsonianism), Greco-Roman materia medica
Related concepts: Materia medica, Plant extract, Individualized herbal formula, Fluid extract and tincture, Herb-drug interaction, Product authentication, Adulteration and contamination

Reference record available.

ModalityTopical plant-based preparations

Herbal Poultice Therapy

Herbal poultice therapy applies a moist preparation of plant material to the skin and keeps it in contact for a period of time.

Complementary

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Aliases: Herbal Poultice, Poultice
Tradition: European folk medicine, Irish folk medicine (Schools' Collection record), Contemporary herbal practice
Related concepts: Topical herbal preparations, Comfrey (Symphytum officinale), Common plantain (Plantago major), Calendula officinalis, Mustard plaster burns, Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, Phytocontact dermatitis, Diaper dermatitis, Diabetic foot and pressure ulcers, Medical assessment of wounds and burns

Reference record available.

ModalityIntravenous nutrient infusion (ascorbic acid)

High-Dose Intravenous Vitamin C

High-dose intravenous vitamin C is the infusion of ascorbic acid into a vein, giving blood levels that oral intake cannot.

AlternativeComplementary

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Aliases: IV vitamin C, IV Vitamin C Therapy, Intravenous ascorbic acid, Intravenous ascorbate, Pharmacological ascorbate, High-dose IV vitamin C, IV ascorbate, IVC
Tradition: Orthomolecular medicine
Related concepts: Pharmacological ascorbate, Plasma concentration by route of administration, Hydrogen peroxide generation (laboratory hypothesis)

Reference record available.

ModalityWhole-person health concept and approach

Holistic Health

Holistic health is a whole-person approach that considers physical, mental, social and spiritual factors together.

HolisticComplementary

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Aliases: Holistic medicine, Whole person care, Ganzheitsmedizin
Tradition: Holism (Jan Smuts, 1926), Holistic health movement (1970s-1980s), Holistic nursing
Related concepts: Whole person care, Body-mind-spirit, Biopsychosocial model, Mind-body dualism, Reductionism and mechanism, Individual responsibility for health, Wellbeing, Integrative health, Complementary and alternative medicine

Reference record available.

ModalityTrademarked Reiki system with ignitions, derived from Usui/Tibetan Reiki

Holy Fire Reiki

Holy Fire Reiki is a Reiki system introduced by William Lee Rand in 2014 that uses a symbol and energy called Holy Fire.

MetaphysicalComplementary

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Aliases: Holy Fire, Holy Fire III Reiki, Usui/Holy Fire Reiki
Tradition: Western Reiki (Takata lineage)
Related concepts: Reiki energy, Attunement, Lineage, Spirituality

Reference record available.

ModalityImplanted hormone delivery (medical treatment)

Hormone Pellet Therapy

Hormone pellet therapy places small testosterone or estradiol implants under the skin to release hormone over months.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: Pellet therapy, Subcutaneous hormone pellets, Hormone implants, Subcutaneous testosterone pellets
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Bioidentical hormones, Compounded hormone therapy, Route of hormone administration, Supraphysiological hormone levels

Reference record available.

ModalityPrescription hormone treatments (menopausal and androgen therapy)

Hormone Replacement Therapy

Hormone replacement therapy is a family of medical treatments that supply estrogen, progestogen or testosterone.

Complementary

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Aliases: HRT, Menopausal hormone therapy, Hormone therapy, Testosterone replacement therapy
Tradition: Gynecology, Endocrinology, Menopause medicine
Related concepts: Estrogen, Progestogen, Testosterone, Vasomotor symptoms, Genitourinary syndrome of menopause, Hypogonadism, Compounded preparations, Bioidentical, Timing of initiation, Shared decision-making

Reference record available.

ModalityHeat-assisted manual massage using stones

Hot Stone Massage

Hot stone massage is a form of massage in which heated stones are placed on or moved over the body.

Complementary

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Aliases: Stone massage, Heat-stone massage, Hot stone therapy
Tradition: Spa and wellness massage, LaStone Therapy (branded method), Chinese medicine framing in some research protocols
Related concepts: Thermotherapy, Basalt stones, Hydrotherapy, Alternating hot and cold stones, Swedish massage

Reference record available.

ModalityYoga practiced in a heated, often humid room

Hot Yoga

Hot yoga is yoga practiced in a heated, often humid room, with studio temperatures usually around 32 to 40 °C.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Heated yoga
Tradition: Yoga traditions
Related concepts: Mind-Body Connection, Mindfulness

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TraditionTradition: school of thought in psychology and psychotherapy

Humanistic psychology

Humanistic psychology is a mid-twentieth-century school of psychology centered on subjective experience, meaning and growth.

HolisticComplementary

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Aliases: Humanistic psychology, Third force psychology, Third Force, Humanistic movement
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Self-actualization, Hierarchy of needs, Person-centered therapy, Core conditions, Unconditional positive regard, Empathic understanding, Congruence, Existential-humanistic therapy, Third force, Human potential movement, Growth and becoming, Meaning

Reference record available.

ModalityWater-based physical therapies

Hydrotherapy

Hydrotherapy is the therapeutic use of water, including baths, compresses, temperature applications and pool exercise.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: Hydropathy, Water therapy
Tradition: Priessnitz hydropathy (Gräfenberg), Kneipp medicine, Viennese scientific hydrotherapy, German naturopathic movement
Related concepts: Cold water applications, Contrast water therapy, Compresses and wraps, Aquatic exercise, Cold-water immersion, Hot tub and spa use, Balneotherapy (separate page)

Reference record available.

ModalityPressurized-chamber oxygen therapy

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is breathing oxygen inside a pressurized chamber at above normal atmospheric pressure.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: HBOT, Hyperbaric oxygen, HBO2 therapy, Hyperbaric oxygenation, Recompression therapy
Tradition: Hospital hyperbaric medicine, Diving and undersea medicine, Wellness-center and home soft-chamber use
Related concepts: Atmospheres absolute (ATA), Monoplace and multiplace chambers, Recompression, Decompression illness, Hyperoxia, Mild hyperbaric exposure, Soft-sided chambers, Middle ear barotrauma, Central nervous system oxygen toxicity, Indication lists

Reference record available.

ModalityPsychotherapy approach combining hypnosis with psychodynamic ideas

Hypnoanalysis

Hypnoanalysis is the use of hypnosis within psychoanalytic or psychodynamic therapy to explore memories and meanings.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: Analytical hypnosis, Hypnoanalytic therapy, Hypnotic psychoanalysis, Psychoanalytic hypnotherapy
Tradition: Clinical and academic hypnosis, Psychoanalysis
Related concepts: Hypnotic induction, Hypnotizability, Suggestion, Focused attention, Awareness

Reference record available.

ModalitySelf-hypnosis and relaxation-based childbirth education

Hypnobirthing

Hypnobirthing is a childbirth education approach that teaches self-hypnosis, relaxation and breathing for labor.

Complementary

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Aliases: HypnoBirthing, Mongan Method, HypnoBirthing: The Mongan Method
Tradition: Natural childbirth movement, Clinical hypnosis
Related concepts: Fear-tension-pain cycle, Self-hypnosis, Slow abdominal breathing, Guided visualization, Birth companion support, Antenatal education

Reference record available.

ModalityClinical hypnosis applied in dental care

Hypnodontics

Hypnodontics is the use of clinical hypnosis by dental professionals to support patients during dental care.

Complementary

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Aliases: Dental hypnosis, Hypnosis in dentistry, HypnoDontics
Tradition: Mesmerism and Braid, Clinical and academic hypnosis
Related concepts: Hypnotic induction, Hypnotizability, Suggestion, Focused attention, Attention, Awareness, Mind-Body Connection

Reference record available.

ModalityGuided suggestion-based psychological therapy

Hypnotherapy

The use of hypnosis, a state of focused attention and responsiveness to suggestion, within therapy for a concern or habit.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: Clinical hypnosis, Hypnosis therapy
Tradition: Mesmerism and Braid, Ericksonian hypnosis, Clinical and academic hypnosis
Related concepts: Hypnotic induction, Hypnotizability, Suggestion, Focused attention

Reference record available.

ModalityHypnosis and guided imagery used for inner child work

Hypnotherapy for Inner Child Healing

Hypnotherapy for Inner Child Healing is the use of hypnosis or guided imagery to engage a client's imagined younger self.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: None recorded
Tradition: Clinical and academic hypnosis, Jungian analytical psychology
Related concepts: Hypnotic induction, Suggestion, Focused attention

Reference record available.

ModalityParent-directed behavioral sleep guidance for infants and toddlers

Infant Sleep Coaching

Infant Sleep Coaching is paid or self-directed guidance for parents on settling babies and toddlers to sleep.

HolisticComplementary

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Aliases: Sleep Coaching, Infant sleep training, Baby sleep training, Infant sleep consulting, Behavioral infant sleep intervention
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Graduated extinction, Unmodified extinction, Bedtime fading, Controlled crying, Responsive settling, Safe sleep

Reference record available.

ModalityHeat exposure in a radiant-heat sauna cabin

Infrared Sauna

Infrared sauna is a heated cabin using radiant far-infrared heaters, used by people in wellness and medical settings.

AlternativeComplementary

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Aliases: Far-infrared sauna, FIR sauna, Infrared cabin, Waon therapy
Tradition: Japanese Waon therapy, Commercial wellness saunas
Related concepts: Far-infrared radiation, Thermal vasodilation, Passive heat therapy, Sweating, Heat strain

Reference record available.

ModalityModel of care combining conventional and complementary approaches

Integrative Medicine

Integrative medicine is a model of healthcare that combines conventional treatment with complementary approaches.

HolisticComplementary

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Aliases: Integrative health, Integrative medicine and health
Tradition: Academic integrative medicine (United States), Integrative medicine in general practice (Australia), University complementary and integrative outpatient care (Germany)
Related concepts: Whole-person care, Patient-centred care, Conventional medicine, Complementary approaches, Multimodal interventions, Coordinated care, Integrative oncology, Lifestyle interventions, Medical pluralism

Reference record available.

ModalitySupportive cancer care field combining complementary and conventional approaches

Integrative Oncology

Integrative oncology is a field of cancer care that uses complementary approaches alongside conventional cancer treatment.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Integrative oncology care, Integrative cancer care
Tradition: Integrative medicine, Conventional oncology supportive care, Mind and body practices
Related concepts: Complementary use alongside treatment, Alternative use instead of treatment, Patient-centred care, Evidence-informed recommendations, Symptom management, Herb-drug interactions, Clinical practice guidelines

Reference record available.

ModalityDietary pattern: eating-window and fasting-day approaches

Intermittent Fasting

Intermittent fasting is a family of eating patterns that alternate set periods of fasting with periods of ordinary eating.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: IF, Time-restricted eating, Time-restricted feeding, Alternate-day fasting, 5:2 diet
Tradition: Islam, Christianity
Related concepts: Time-restricted eating, Alternate-day fasting, Circadian rhythm, Continuous calorie restriction, Fasting-mimicking diet

Reference record available.

ModalityPsychotherapy model that applies family systems ideas to inner experience

Internal Family Systems (IFS)

Internal Family Systems (IFS) is a psychotherapy model that describes the mind as many inner parts and a core Self.

Complementary

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Aliases: IFS, IFS therapy, Internal Family Systems therapy, Internal Family Systems model
Tradition: Family systems therapy, Structural and strategic family therapy
Related concepts: Parts, Self, Protectors, Exiles, Unblending, Decentering, Self-compassion

Reference record available.

ModalityStandard hospital medical treatment (conventional comparator)

Intravenous Fluid Therapy

Intravenous fluid therapy is the hospital use of solutions given into a vein to restore or maintain body fluid.

Complementary

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Aliases: IV fluids, Intravenous fluids, Intravenous fluid replacement, IV fluid resuscitation
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Crystalloids, Colloids, Balanced solutions, Fluid overload, Resuscitation, replacement and maintenance

Reference record available.

ModalityIntravenous or injected delivery of an antioxidant peptide

Intravenous Glutathione

Intravenous glutathione is the injection or infusion of glutathione, an antioxidant tripeptide made in the body.

AlternativeComplementary

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Aliases: IV glutathione, Glutathione infusion, Glutathione drip, Glutathione injection, Parenteral glutathione, Glutathione IV
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Antioxidant, Redox balance, Oxidative stress, Melanogenesis

Reference record available.

ModalityConventional medical treatment used as a comparator: prescription iron replacement

Intravenous Iron Infusion

Intravenous iron infusion is a prescription medical treatment that gives iron into a vein for diagnosed iron deficiency.

Complementary

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Aliases: Intravenous iron, Parenteral iron, Iron infusion, IV iron, Intravenous iron therapy
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Iron deficiency, Iron-deficiency anemia, Parenteral iron replacement, Hypophosphatemia, Infusion reactions

Reference record available.

ModalityGuided meditation protocol adapted from yoga nidra

iRest Yoga Nidra

iRest is a ten-stage guided meditation protocol adapted from yoga nidra and taught through the iRest Institute.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: iRest, Integrative Restoration, iRest meditation, iRest yoga nidra protocol
Tradition: Yoga traditions
Related concepts: Awareness, Mindfulness, Mind-Body Connection, Attention

Reference record available.

ModalityElective intravenous fluid and vitamin infusion services

IV Hydration Therapy

IV hydration therapy is the elective infusion of saline-based fluids, often with added vitamins, outside hospital care.

AlternativeComplementary

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Aliases: IV hydration, IV drip, IV drip therapy, vitamin drip, drip bar services, mobile IV therapy, wellness IV drip, Hydration therapy
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Intravenous infusion, Drip bar, Dehydration, Oral rehydration, Fluid overload, Electrolyte balance

Reference record available.

ModalityIntravenous infusion of fluids, vitamins and other substances

IV Therapy

IV therapy is the delivery of fluids, vitamins, minerals or other substances directly into a vein by infusion.

AlternativeComplementary

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Aliases: intravenous therapy, IV drip therapy, vitamin drip, intravenous nutrient therapy, intravenous micronutrient therapy, nutrient cocktail
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Intravenous infusion, Myers' cocktail, Vitamin C, Glutathione, G6PD deficiency, Oxalate nephropathy, Fluid overload, Peripheral intravenous catheter, Drip bar, Anti-doping rules

Reference record available.

ModalityModern postural yoga method taught with props

Iyengar Yoga

Iyengar Yoga is a method of yoga developed by B.K.S. Iyengar in India, taught with props and graded teacher training.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: BKS Iyengar Yoga, Iyengar method, Iyengar Yoga method
Tradition: Yoga traditions
Related concepts: Mind-Body Connection, Attention

Reference record available.

ModalityManual therapy and massage tradition

Japanese Massage

Japanese massage is a group of manual therapies from Japan, including anma, with historical links to shiatsu.

Complementary

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Aliases: Anma, Anma therapy, Anma massage, Amma, Traditional Japanese massage, Japanese manual therapy
Tradition: Japanese traditional medicine, Anma, Shiatsu
Related concepts: Soft-tissue manipulation, Kneading, stroking and pressing, Massage through clothing, Relationship between anma and shiatsu, Adaptation of Chinese medical theory in Japan

Reference record available.

ModalityJapanese Reiki lineage with hands-on treatment training

Jikiden Reiki

Jikiden Reiki is a Japanese Reiki lineage, taught by the Yamaguchi family, that traces its teaching to Chujiro Hayashi.

MetaphysicalComplementary

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Aliases: Jikiden Reiki Kenkyukai, Jikiden Reiki Institute, Jikiden reiki
Tradition: Jikiden Reiki Kenkyukai (Kyoto, Japan), Hayashi Reiki Kenkyukai (1930s Japan), Usui Reiki Ryoho
Related concepts: Jikiden (directly transmitted), Shoden, Okuden, Shihan, Shihankaku, Reiju, Byosen, Hand placement

Reference record available.

ModalityYoga style: vinyasa-based method with devotional and ethical teachings

Jivamukti Yoga

Jivamukti Yoga is a yoga method founded in New York in 1984 that pairs posture classes with five named tenets.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Jivamukti, Jivamukti Yoga Method, Jivamukti Method
Tradition: Yoga traditions
Related concepts: Spirituality, Mind-Body Connection

Reference record available.

ModalityCreative arts and writing-based approach used alongside counseling

Journal Therapy

Journal therapy uses purposeful personal writing, often alongside counseling, to explore thoughts, feelings and life events.

Complementary

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Aliases: Therapeutic writing, Expressive writing, Therapeutic journaling, Journal writing therapy
Tradition: Jungian analytical psychology
Related concepts: Expressive writing, Intensive Journal method, Gratitude journaling

Reference record available.

ModalityTraditional herbal medical system

Kampō Medicine

Kampō Medicine is the Japanese adaptation of Chinese herbal medicine, usually prescribed as fixed multi-herb formulas.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: Kampo, Kampo medicine, Japanese Kampo, Traditional Japanese herbal medicine
Tradition: Japanese Kampo, adapted from Chinese herbal medicine, Gosei-ha school (sixteenth century onward), Koho (old-formula) school of the Edo period
Related concepts: Sho (presentation matched to a formula), Ki, ketsu and sui (qi, blood and body fluids), Kyo-jitsu (hollow-full), Netsu-kan (heat-cold), Yin-yo (yin-yang), Four diagnostic approaches (shi-shin), Abdominal examination (fukushin), Standardized extract formulations

Reference record available.

ModalityNewborn care practice: prolonged skin-to-skin contact with breast milk feeding

Kangaroo Mother Care

Kangaroo mother care is prolonged skin-to-skin contact with a preterm or low-birth-weight newborn plus breast milk feeding.

Complementary

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Entry details

Aliases: KMC, Kangaroo care, Kangaroo-Mother Care Method
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Skin-to-skin contact, Exclusive breastfeeding, Preterm and low-birth-weight newborns, Early discharge and follow-up, Immediate KMC, Community-initiated KMC, Sudden unexpected postnatal collapse

Reference record available.

ModalityTrademarked Reiki system taught to Reiki masters with attunements

Karuna Reiki

Karuna Reiki is a Reiki system William Lee Rand named in 1995 and teaches to Reiki masters through his training center.

MetaphysicalComplementary

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Aliases: Karuna Reiki®, Holy Fire Karuna Reiki, Reiki of Compassion, Sai Baba Reiki
Tradition: Western Reiki (Takata lineage)
Related concepts: Reiki energy, Universal life energy, Attunement, Lineage, Spirituality

Reference record available.

ModalityPlant-based medicine and Pacific Island ceremonial drink (herbal supplement)

Kava

Kava is a Pacific Island plant, Piper methysticum, whose root is made into ceremonial drinks and supplement extracts.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Kava kava, Awa, Ava pepper, Piper methysticum, Kawa, Yaqona, Sakau
Tradition: Pacific Islander traditional kava use
Related concepts: Kavalactones, Aqueous (water-based) extract, Organic-solvent extract, Noble cultivar, Herb-induced liver injury, Kava dermopathy, Kava bar

Reference record available.

ModalityPsychotherapy combined with a prescribed psychoactive medicine

Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy

Ketamine-assisted psychotherapy pairs clinician-supervised ketamine sessions with psychotherapy, mainly in mental health care.

Complementary

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Aliases: KAP, Ketamine-assisted therapy, Ketamine psychedelic therapy
Tradition: Psychedelic-assisted therapy model, Interventional psychiatry
Related concepts: Treatment-resistant depression, Esketamine nasal spray, Off-label prescribing, Dissociation, Preparation, ketamine session and integration, Post-dose plasticity window (hypothesis)

Reference record available.

ModalityMedical and lifestyle dietary pattern

Ketogenic Diet

The Ketogenic Diet is a very low carbohydrate, high fat eating pattern that shifts metabolism toward ketosis.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: Keto diet, Ketogenic dietary therapy, Very low carbohydrate ketogenic diet, VLCKD
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Ketosis, Ketone bodies, Carbohydrate restriction

Reference record available.

ModalityElastic adhesive tape applied to the skin

Kinesiology Taping

Kinesiology taping is the application of stretchable adhesive tape to the skin over muscles and joints.

Complementary

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Aliases: Kinesio taping, Kinesiotaping, Kinesiology tape, Elastic therapeutic tape, Elastic therapeutic taping, KT
Tradition: Sports medicine, Physical rehabilitation
Related concepts: Elastic therapeutic tape, Tape tension, Proprioception, Skin lifting hypothesis, Gate control of pain, Sham taping, Adhesive skin reaction

Reference record available.

ModalityEuropean naturopathic system of water, plants, exercise, nutrition and ordered living

Kneipp Therapy

Kneipp Therapy is a German naturopathic system of water applications, plants, exercise, nutrition and ordered living.

Complementary

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Entry details

Aliases: Kneipp medicine, Kneipp-Therapie, Kneipp-Kur, Kneipp Health Concept, Kneipp naturopathy
Tradition: German natural medicine movement (Naturheilbewegung), Life reform movement (Lebensreformbewegung), Traditional European medicine, Bavarian Catholic lay medicine
Related concepts: Five elements, Hydrotherapy, Phytotherapy, Exercise therapy, Nutrition therapy, Lebensordnung (order of life), Hardening (Abhaertung), Thermal stimulus, Prevention and health promotion

Reference record available.

ModalityJapanese Reiki lineage (Buddhist-influenced)

Komyo Reiki

Komyo Reiki is a Japanese Reiki lineage led by Buddhist monk Hyakuten Inamoto, taught through Komyo Reiki Kai.

MetaphysicalComplementary

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Aliases: Komyo Reiki Kai, Komyo Reikido, Komyo Reiki Do
Tradition: Buddhism, Usui Reiki Ryōhō (Japan), Jikiden Reiki, Gendai Reiki Hō
Related concepts: Reiki energy, Reiju, Shoden, okuden and shinpiden, Self-treatment, Lineage, Awareness, Spirituality, Spiritual Growth, Mind-Body Connection

Reference record available.

ModalityTuned chime instrument used in meditation, sound sessions and music making

Koshi Chimes

Koshi Chimes are hand-tuned chime instruments with eight metal rods in a bamboo tube, made in southern France.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Entry details

Aliases: Koshi chime, Koshi wind chimes, Koshi harmonic chimes
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Attention, Awareness

Reference record available.

ModalityYogic energy concept and a modern breath, movement and meditation system

Kundalini

Kundalini is a spinal energy concept in tantric yoga and the name of a modern yoga system of kriyas.

MetaphysicalComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Kuṇḍalinī, Kundalini yoga, Kundalini Yoga as taught by Yogi Bhajan
Tradition: Śākta tantra, Yoga traditions, Tantric Yoga, Ananda Marga (a Tantric Yoga school), Kundalini Yoga as taught by Yogi Bhajan, 3HO (Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization)
Related concepts: Kuṇḍalinī as a dormant rising energy, Cakras (energy centres), Central energy channel in the spine, Kriya (a set practice sequence), Pranayama (breath regulation), Mantra and chanting, Meditation, Physio-kundalini (Sannella's term), Kundalini Awakening Scale, Kundalini-like experiences and psychopathology

Reference record available.

ModalityChildbirth education approach

Lamaze Method

The Lamaze method is a childbirth education approach rooted in Soviet psychoprophylaxis and taught by Lamaze International.

Complementary

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Aliases: Lamaze, Lamaze technique, Lamaze childbirth education, Psychoprophylactic method, Psychoprophylaxis, Accouchement sans douleur
Tradition: Soviet psychoprophylactic method
Related concepts: Psychoprophylaxis, Conditioned reflexes, Antenatal education, Breathing and relaxation, Healthy birth practices, Continuous labor support

Reference record available.

ModalityApplication of live medicinal leeches (hospital device use and traditional or elective use)

Leech Therapy

Leech therapy is the application of live medicinal leeches to the skin, called hirudotherapy, in surgical and traditional use.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: Hirudotherapy, Medicinal leech therapy, Leeching
Tradition: Ayurveda, Unani medicine, Persian medicine, Greco-Roman humoral medicine, Traditional Chinese medicine
Related concepts: Venous congestion, Hirudin, Leech saliva, Bloodletting, Microsurgery, Aeromonas infection, Antibiotic prophylaxis

Reference record available.

ModalityTimed exposure to bright artificial light, studied mainly for mood and body-clock disorders

Light Therapy

Light therapy is scheduled exposure to bright artificial light, studied mainly in seasonal depression and body-clock disorders.

Complementary

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Aliases: Bright light therapy, Bright white light therapy, Light box therapy, SAD lamp therapy
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Seasonal affective disorder, Circadian rhythm, Photoperiod, Light box, Non-seasonal depression, Sleep-wake phase disorders

Reference record available.

ModalityNative Hawaiian traditional massage and bodywork

Lomi Lomi

Lomi Lomi is a Native Hawaiian form of massage in which a practitioner kneads and presses the body.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Entry details

Aliases: Lomilomi, Lomi lomi massage, Hawaiian massage
Tradition: Native Hawaiian healing, Lāʻau lapaʻau, Hoʻoponopono
Related concepts: Lomi (to knead or rub), Pule (prayer), Kāhuna hāhā, Kāhuna lāʻau lapaʻau

Reference record available.

ModalityDietary pattern: carbohydrate-restricted eating

Low Carbohydrate Nutrition

Low carbohydrate nutrition is a family of eating patterns that limit carbohydrate, defined differently across studies.

Complementary

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Aliases: Low-Carb Diet, Low-Carbohydrate Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted Diet
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Carbohydrate restriction, Percentage of total energy, Nutritional ketosis, Diabetes remission

Reference record available.

ModalityLocally applied hormone treatment (standard medical care)

Low-Dose Vaginal Estrogen

Low-dose vaginal estrogen is a locally applied hormone treatment, as cream, tablet or ring, for menopause-related symptoms.

Complementary

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Entry details

Aliases: Local vaginal estrogen, Vaginal estrogen therapy, Topical vaginal estrogen, Intravaginal estrogen, Local estrogen therapy
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Genitourinary syndrome of menopause, Vulvovaginal atrophy

Reference record available.

ModalityDietary approach used alongside conventional gastroenterology care

Low-FODMAP Diet

A dietary approach for irritable bowel syndrome that temporarily limits fermentable carbohydrates, then reintroduces them.

Complementary

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Aliases: Low FODMAP diet, FODMAP diet
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Fermentable carbohydrates, Irritable bowel syndrome, Gut-brain interaction, Elimination and reintroduction

Reference record available.

ModalityNon-surgical lymphedema management program

Lymphedema Therapy

Lymphedema therapy is a set of non-surgical care methods, including compression and light massage, for chronic limb swelling.

Complementary

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Entry details

Aliases: Lymphoedema therapy, Complex decongestive therapy, Complete decongestive therapy, Decongestive lymphatic therapy, Complex decongestive physiotherapy, Combined physical therapy
Tradition: Vodder school of manual lymph drainage, Lymphology, Physical and rehabilitation medicine
Related concepts: Complex decongestive therapy, Manual lymphatic drainage, Compression bandaging and garments, Simple lymphatic drainage, Intermittent pneumatic compression, Skin care, Decongestive exercise, Intensive and maintenance phases

Reference record available.

ModalityMineral dietary supplementation

Magnesium Supplementation

Magnesium supplementation is the use of magnesium products taken by mouth to add to the magnesium in food.

Complementary

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Aliases: Magnesium supplements, Oral magnesium supplementation, Magnesium supplement
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Elemental magnesium, Bioavailability, Hypomagnesemia, Hypermagnesemia, Tolerable upper intake level, Magnesium oxide, Magnesium citrate

Reference record available.

ModalityCreative arts-based drawing and coloring activity

Mandala Therapy

Mandala therapy is the therapeutic or wellness use of drawing or coloring circular, symmetrical designs called mandalas.

Complementary

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Aliases: Mandala art, Mandala art therapy, Mandala drawing therapy, Mandala painting therapy, Mandala coloring, Mandala drawing
Tradition: Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana), Jungian analytical psychology, Art therapy
Related concepts: Structured mandala coloring, Open-ended mandala drawing, Jungian concept of the Self, Active imagination, Attentional focus, Mindfulness-guided coloring

Reference record available.

ModalityManual therapy using light, rhythmic skin strokes

Manual Lymphatic Drainage

Manual lymphatic drainage is a hands-on technique of light, rhythmic skin strokes directed along lymphatic pathways.

Complementary

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Entry details

Aliases: Manual lymph drainage, MLD, Vodder method, Vodder MLD, Dr. Vodder's Manual Lymph Drainage, Manual Lymph Drainage ad modum Vodder
Tradition: Vodder method, Földi method, Complex decongestive therapy
Related concepts: Lymphatic system, Lymphedema, Complex decongestive therapy, Compression bandaging, Self lymphatic drainage

Reference record available.

ModalityAyurvedic vital-point manual therapy

Marma Point Therapy

Marma point therapy is an Ayurvedic practice of stimulating marmas, vital points described in classical texts, by hand.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Marma therapy, Marma chikitsa, Marma massage, Marma point massage, Marmacikitsa
Tradition: Ayurveda, Yoga traditions, Kalaripayattu
Related concepts: Marma (vital points), Prana, Sushruta Samhita, Mind-Body Connection

Reference record available.

ModalityFamily of hands-on soft-tissue manipulation methods

Massage

Massage is a family of hands-on methods that apply pressure and movement to the body's soft tissues.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Massage therapy, Therapeutic massage
Tradition: Swedish (classical) massage, Nuad Thai (traditional Thai massage), Japanese anma, Anthroposophic rhythmical massage, Ayurvedic oil massage, Neuromuscular technique, Vodder manual lymph drainage
Related concepts: Soft-tissue manipulation, Effleurage, Petrissage, Friction, Tapotement, Trigger points, Sen lines, Lymph drainage, Pressure intensity, Cautions and contraindications

Reference record available.

ModalityStandardized group mindfulness meditation training program

MBSR (Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction)

MBSR is a standardized eight-week group program that teaches mindfulness meditation and mindful movement.

Complementary

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Aliases: Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, MBSR program, Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction program
Tradition: Contemplative traditions as adapted in clinical programs, Behavioral medicine
Related concepts: Body scan, Sitting meditation, Mindful movement, Daily home practice, Informal practice, Decentering, Mindfulness-based programs, Teacher training and supervision

Reference record available.

ModalityDietary supplement family: fungal powders, extracts and tinctures

Medicinal Mushrooms

Medicinal mushrooms are fungi such as reishi and lion's mane sold as supplement powders, extracts and tinctures.

Complementary

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Entry details

Aliases: Functional mushrooms, Mushroom supplements, Medicinal fungi, Mycotherapy, Adaptogenic mushrooms
Tradition: Traditional Chinese Medicine
Related concepts: Beta-glucans, Immunomodulation, Fruiting body versus mycelium, Standardized extract

Reference record available.

ModalityMeditation and contemplative

Meditation

A family of practices that cultivate attention and awareness, with distinct forms across religious and secular settings.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Contemplative practice
Tradition: Buddhism, Yoga traditions
Related concepts: Attention, Mindfulness

Developed article available.

ModalityDietary pattern and regional food heritage

Mediterranean Diet

The Mediterranean diet is an eating pattern and food heritage drawn from the cultures of the Mediterranean basin.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Mediterranean-style diet, MedDiet, Mediterranean dietary pattern
Tradition: Mediterranean regional food heritage
Related concepts: Dietary pattern, Cultural heritage, Conviviality, Adherence score

Reference record available.

ModalityHormone-based sleep aid sold as a dietary supplement or licensed medicine

Melatonin

Melatonin is a hormone made by the pineal gland and also sold as an oral supplement or licensed medicine for sleep.

Complementary

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Entry details

Aliases: 5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine, melatonin supplements
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Circadian rhythm, Sleep-wake cycle, Pineal gland, Suprachiasmatic nucleus, Chronobiotic

Reference record available.

ModalityReiki lineage with a Tibetan Buddhist framing

Men Chho Reiki

Men Chho Reiki is a Reiki-family lineage, framed as Tibetan Buddhist, using Reiki hand positions with mantra and visualization.

ComplementaryMetaphysical

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Entry details

Aliases: None recorded
Tradition: Reiki family, Tibetan Buddhism (lineage framing, not verified)
Related concepts: Hand-position energy practice, Medicine Buddha, Mantra and visualization, Lineage attribution

Reference record available.

ModalityMenopausal hormone therapy (standard medical treatment)

Menopausal Estrogen-Alone Therapy

Estrogen given without a progestogen, usually to women who have had a hysterectomy, for menopause-related symptoms.

Complementary

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Entry details

Aliases: Estrogen-alone therapy, Estrogen-only hormone therapy, Oestrogen-only HRT, Unopposed estrogen therapy, Estrogen therapy without progestogen, Oestrogen replacement
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Hysterectomy, Unopposed estrogen, Vasomotor symptoms, Genitourinary syndrome of menopause, Endometrial cancer risk, Absolute risk, Shared decision-making

Reference record available.

ModalityPrescription menopausal hormone therapy (combined estrogen and progestogen)

Menopausal Estrogen-Progestogen Therapy

Menopausal estrogen-progestogen therapy is a medical treatment combining estrogen and a progestogen for women with a uterus.

Complementary

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Entry details

Aliases: Combined hormone therapy, Combined menopausal hormone therapy, Estrogen plus progestin therapy, Combined HRT, Oestrogen-progestogen therapy
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Endometrial protection, Vasomotor symptoms, Genitourinary syndrome of menopause, Timing of initiation, Absolute risk, Shared decision-making

Reference record available.

ModalityManual abdominal and pelvic therapy used in women's reproductive health

Mercier Therapy

Mercier Therapy is a manual abdominal and pelvic therapy named for its developer, Jennifer Mercier.

Complementary

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Entry details

Aliases: None recorded
Tradition: Women's reproductive health bodywork, Massage therapy
Related concepts: Abdominal and pelvic manual therapy, Female infertility, Endometriosis, Practitioner certification

Reference record available.

ModalityLow-level electrical stimulation delivered through the skin

Microcurrent Therapy

Microcurrent therapy applies low-level electrical current, below 1 milliampere, through the skin for clinical or cosmetic uses.

Complementary

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Aliases: MENS, Microcurrent electrical nerve stimulation, Microcurrent electrical stimulation, MES, MCT, MET, Microcurrent stimulation, Microcurrent electrical therapy
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Microampere-range current, Sub-sensory stimulation, Bioelectric signaling, Electrotherapy, Sham-controlled trials, Wound and scar care, Pain modulation, Home-use devices

Reference record available.

ModalityRegulated healthcare profession: maternity and newborn care

Midwifery

Midwifery is the health profession in which midwives care for people through pregnancy, birth and the postnatal period.

Complementary

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Entry details

Aliases: Licensed midwifery, Midwife-led care
Tradition: Traditional birth attendants, Granny midwives (African American community birth attendants, US South)
Related concepts: Midwife-led continuity of care, Promotion of normal birth, Candidate selection for home birth, Consultation and hospital transfer, Midwifery scope of practice

Reference record available.

ModalityHerbal medicine: seed extract used for liver conditions

Milk Thistle

Milk thistle is a preparation from the seeds of Silybum marianum, used in herbal medicine for liver conditions.

Complementary

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Aliases: Silybum marianum, Silymarin, Silibinin, Marian thistle, St. Mary's thistle
Tradition: Greco-Roman materia medica
Related concepts: Silymarin, Flavonolignans, Hepatoprotective claims, Antidote use in mushroom poisoning, Galactagogue use

Reference record available.

ModalityMindfulness-based psychological and behavioral eating program

Mindful Eating Therapy

Mindful eating therapy applies structured mindfulness training to eating behavior, usually in a group program.

Complementary

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Entry details

Aliases: Mindfulness-based eating awareness training, MB-EAT, Mindfulness-based eating programs, Mindful eating training
Tradition: Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) lineage, Contemporary clinical psychology, Secular adaptations of Buddhist meditation
Related concepts: Mindful eating, Hunger and satiety awareness, Binge eating disorder, Emotional eating, Reward-driven eating, Taste satisfaction, Interoceptive awareness, Self-acceptance, Weight and eating behavior

Reference record available.

ModalityAttention-based contemplative practice and structured group programmes

Mindfulness

Mindfulness is a family of attention-based practices and group programmes derived from Buddhist meditation.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Entry details

Aliases: Mindfulness meditation, Mindfulness-based interventions, Mindfulness-based programmes
Tradition: Buddhist meditation traditions (Theravada, Zen and Tibetan), Burmese Buddhist reform movements, Secular clinical programmes (MBSR and MBCT), Contemplative science
Related concepts: Sati, Bare attention, Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT), Decentering, Body scan, Sitting meditation, Home practice, Relapse prevention, Meditation-related adverse effects

Reference record available.

ModalityReceptive sound and vibroacoustic practice using a multi-string instrument

Monochord Therapy

Monochord therapy is a receptive sound practice in which a person lies on or beside a many-stringed resonant instrument.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Entry details

Aliases: Body monochord therapy, Monochord music therapy, Treatment monochord, Sound table, Sound bed, Klangliege, Körpermonochord
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Mind-Body Connection

Reference record available.

ModalitySuction cup technique in which cups are moved over lubricated skin

Moving Cupping

Moving cupping is a form of cupping in which suction cups are slid over lubricated skin instead of staying in place.

Complementary

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Entry details

Aliases: Sliding cupping, Gliding cupping, Running cupping, Massage cupping, Cupping massage, Moving cupping therapy, Zou guan
Tradition: Traditional Chinese Medicine
Related concepts: Qi, Du meridian, Retained cupping, Negative pressure

Reference record available.

ModalityMoxibustion (heat therapy using burned mugwort)

Moxa Cone Therapy

Moxa cone therapy is a form of moxibustion in which small cones of dried mugwort are burned on or near the skin.

Complementary

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Aliases: Moxa Cone, Cone moxibustion, Moxa cone moxibustion
Tradition: Traditional Chinese medicine, East Asian medicine
Related concepts: Moxibustion, Mugwort (Artemisia), Direct moxibustion, Indirect moxibustion, Acupoints, Moxa smoke

Reference record available.

ModalityHeat-based point stimulation in East Asian medicine

Moxibustion

Moxibustion is the burning of mugwort herb on or near the skin, usually at acupuncture points, in East Asian medicine.

ComplementaryAlternativeHolistic

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Entry details

Aliases: None recorded
Tradition: Traditional Chinese medicine, Kampo (Japanese traditional medicine), Japanese direct moxa (okyu), Traditional East Asian medicine
Related concepts: Moxa (Artemisia vulgaris or Artemisia argyi), Direct moxibustion, Indirect moxibustion, Moxa sticks, Moxa cones, Acupuncture points, Bladder 67 (BL67, Zhiyin), Smokeless moxa, Channels (meridians)

Reference record available.

ModalityDietary supplement category: combined vitamin and mineral products

Multivitamin Supplements

Multivitamin supplements are oral products that combine several vitamins and, often, minerals.

Complementary

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Aliases: Multivitamin/mineral supplements, Multivitamins, Multivitamin-multimineral supplements, MVM supplements, Multis
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Recommended Dietary Allowance, Tolerable upper intake level, Nutritional insurance, Fortified foods

Reference record available.

ModalityArts-based psychological therapy

Music Therapy

A therapist-led practice using shared musical experiences, such as improvising or listening, within a therapeutic relationship.

Complementary

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Entry details

Aliases: None recorded
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: therapeutic relationship, improvisation, musical interaction, arts therapies

Reference record available.

ModalityIntravenous vitamin and mineral infusion

Myers' Cocktail

The Myers' cocktail is an intravenous infusion of vitamins and minerals named after a physician, John Myers.

AlternativeComplementary

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Entry details

Aliases: Myers cocktail, Myers' cocktail, Intravenous micronutrient therapy, IV micronutrient therapy, IVMT, Intravenous vitamin therapy
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Intravenous micronutrient therapy, Placebo response, Fluid and electrolyte load

Reference record available.

ModalityManual therapy and self-applied soft tissue techniques

Myofascial Release

Myofascial release is a family of manual and self-applied techniques aimed at fascia and the muscles around it.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Entry details

Aliases: Myofascial, MFR, Myofascial release therapy, Myofascial release technique
Tradition: Osteopathic manual medicine, Physical therapy, Massage and bodywork, Structural integration lineage
Related concepts: Fascia, Fascial system, Tissue release, Direct and indirect techniques, Self-myofascial release, Foam rolling, Myofascial pain syndrome

Reference record available.

ModalityPulse examination within Ayurvedic diagnosis

Nadi Pariksha

Nadi Pariksha is the Ayurvedic examination of the pulse, used in that tradition to assess the doshas.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: Nadi Vigyan, Nadi Nidan, Nadipariksha, Ayurvedic pulse diagnosis, Ayurvedic pulse examination
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Dosha, Prakriti, Tridosha (vata, pitta, kapha), Ashta sthana pariksha (eight-point examination)

Reference record available.

ModalityAyurvedic nasal medication procedure within panchakarma

Nasya

Nasya is an Ayurvedic procedure in which medicated oils, juices or powders are administered through the nose.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: Nasya karma, Errhine therapy, Ayurvedic nasal instillation
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Panchakarma, Shodhana (purification procedures), Pratimarsha nasya, Marsha nasya, Dinacharya (daily regimen)

Reference record available.

ModalityChildbirth preparation movement and care philosophy

Natural Childbirth

Natural childbirth is a movement and set of preferences favoring birth with minimal medical intervention, often unmedicated.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Entry details

Aliases: Natural birth, Unmedicated birth, Unmedicated childbirth, Physiological birth
Tradition: Psychoprophylactic method of childbirth, Lay midwifery and home birth movement of the 1970s, Midwifery-led care
Related concepts: Physiological birth, Antenatal education, Continuous labor support, Non-pharmacological pain relief, Informed choice, Psychoprophylaxis

Reference record available.

ModalityMulti-modality system of natural and lifestyle-based care

Naturopathy

Naturopathy is a system of care built on diet, lifestyle, herbs, water treatments and other non-drug methods.

AlternativeComplementaryHolistic

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Entry details

Aliases: Naturopathic medicine, Naturheilkunde, Traditional European Naturopathy, Nature care
Tradition: German natural healing movement (Naturheilkunde), Kneipp therapy, North American naturopathic medicine, German Heilpraktiker practice, Yoga and naturopathy in India
Related concepts: Vis medicatrix naturae (healing power of nature), Tolle causam (identify and treat the cause), Primum non nocere (first do no harm), Docere (doctor as teacher), Tolle totum (treat the whole person), Prevention, Hydrotherapy, Herbal and nutritional medicine, Lifestyle counseling, Tonic remedies

Reference record available.

ModalityCombined Chinese medicine technique: cupping with acupuncture needling

Needle Cupping

Needle cupping combines cupping with acupuncture, with cups placed over inserted needles in Chinese medicine practice.

Complementary

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Entry details

Aliases: Acupuncture-cupping, Acupuncture plus cupping, Needle-retaining cupping, Zhen guan
Tradition: Traditional Chinese Medicine
Related concepts: Qi, Blood stasis

Reference record available.

ModalityInjection-based local anesthetic therapy

Neural Therapy

Neural therapy is a physician-led practice of injecting short-acting local anesthetics at set body sites.

Complementary

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Entry details

Aliases: Neuraltherapie, Neuraltherapie nach Huneke, Therapeutic local anesthesia, Terapia neural, Huneke neural therapy
Tradition: German-speaking Europe (Huneke brothers), Physician societies in Switzerland and Austria, Latin American neural therapy (Colombia)
Related concepts: Interference field (Störfeld), Neuromodulatory trigger, Segmental therapy, Wheal (Quaddel) injection, Trigger points, Autonomic nervous system regulation, Sekundenphänomen

Reference record available.

ModalityMind-body technique using muscle testing, developed in chiropractic

Neuro Emotional Technique

Neuro Emotional Technique is a chiropractor-developed method that pairs muscle testing with a manual correction.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Entry details

Aliases: NET, Neuro-Emotional Technique, Neuro Emotional Technique (NET)
Tradition: Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chiropractic
Related concepts: Qi, Mind-Body Connection, Awareness

Reference record available.

ModalityManual soft-tissue therapy and massage lineage

Neuromuscular Massage

Neuromuscular massage is a manual soft-tissue approach that uses assessment and pressure at tender points in muscle.

Complementary

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Entry details

Aliases: Neuromuscular therapy, NMT, Neuromuscular technique, Neuromuscular massage therapy
Tradition: European neuromuscular technique (naturopathic and osteopathic), American neuromuscular therapy (chiropractic, massage and physical therapy influences)
Related concepts: Trigger points, Myofascial pain, Ischemia, Soft-tissue palpation, Pressure pain threshold

Reference record available.

ModalityGuided supine relaxation and meditation practice derived from yoga

Nidra Yoga

Nidra Yoga, more often called yoga nidra, is a guided meditation practice, usually done lying down, taught in modern yoga schools.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Yoga Nidra, Yoganidrā, Yogic sleep, iRest, Integrative Restoration
Tradition: Śaiva and Buddhist Tantras (textual uses of the term), Medieval Haṭha and Rājayoga texts, Bihar School of Yoga (Satyananda lineage), iRest (Integrative Restoration Institute)
Related concepts: Yoganidrā, Samādhi, Turīya (fourth state), Saṅkalpa (resolve), Rotation of consciousness, Nyāsa, Pratyāhāra (sensory withdrawal), Śavāsana (corpse pose), Seven-stage Satyananda protocol, iRest 10-step protocol, Non-Sleep Deep Rest

Reference record available.

ModalityDiet and nutrient-based approaches to mental health care

Nutritional Psychiatry

Nutritional psychiatry is a research field and clinical approach studying diet and nutrients in mental health.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Entry details

Aliases: None recorded
Tradition: Academic psychiatry and nutrition research
Related concepts: Diet quality, Mediterranean-style dietary pattern, Dietary Inflammatory Index, Nutraceuticals, Adjunctive treatment, Microbiota-gut-brain axis, Omega-3 fatty acids, Probiotics

Reference record available.

ModalityPractitioner-led dietary and lifestyle consultation

Nutritional Therapy

Nutritional therapy is a practitioner-led approach using individual dietary assessment and food and lifestyle advice.

Complementary

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Entry details

Aliases: None recorded
Tradition: Naturopathic movement (cited as historical context), Orthomolecular medicine (cited as historical context), UK voluntary-register nutritional therapy
Related concepts: Individualized dietary assessment, Personalized nutrition, Functional and genomic testing, Dietary supplements, Elimination diets, Referral for red-flag symptoms, Voluntary registration

Reference record available.

ModalityAllied health profession centered on everyday activity and participation

Occupational Therapy

Occupational therapy is a health profession that supports people in taking part in everyday activities, called occupations.

Complementary

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Entry details

Aliases: OT
Tradition: Moral treatment, Rehabilitation, Mental health care, Pediatric therapy, Dementia and older-adult care
Related concepts: Occupation, Activities of daily living, Instrumental activities of daily living, Participation, Person-centered goals, Environmental adaptation, Sensory integration, Goal Attainment Scaling, Occupational Therapy Practice Framework

Reference record available.

ModalityTraditional oral-care practice (swishing edible oil in the mouth)

Oil Pulling

Oil pulling is the practice of swishing an edible oil in the mouth and spitting it out, described in Ayurvedic texts.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: Gandusha, Gandoosha, Kavala graha, Kavala gandoosha, Oil swishing
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Gandusha, Kavala graha, Dinacharya, Oral hygiene

Reference record available.

ModalityDietary supplement: long-chain and plant omega-3 fatty acids

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Omega-3 fatty acids are polyunsaturated fats taken as fish, krill or algal oil supplements or eaten in foods.

Complementary

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Aliases: Omega-3s, Omega-3 supplements, Fish oil, Marine omega-3s, n-3 fatty acids, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, Omega-3 PUFA
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, Fish oil, Krill oil, Algal oil

Reference record available.

ModalityGroup art therapy model (studio-based)

Open Studio Art Therapy

Open studio art therapy is a group art-making space in which a trained art therapist is present and the art process is central.

Complementary

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Aliases: Open studio approach to art therapy, Open studio art therapy group, Open studio model, Open Studio Process, Studio-based art therapy
Tradition: Humanistic psychology, Jungian analytical psychology
Related concepts: Art as therapy, Creative process, Art therapist as facilitator, Free choice of materials, Witnessing

Reference record available.

ModalityGentle positional-release bodywork derived from osteopathy

Orthobionomy

Orthobionomy is a gentle bodywork method, founded by Arthur Lincoln Pauls, that uses positions of ease.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Ortho-Bionomy, Orthobionomy, Ortho Bionomy
Tradition: Osteopathy, Strain-counterstrain, Somatic bodywork
Related concepts: Self-corrective reflex, Positional release, Position of ease, Proprioception, Exaggerating the preferred position, Phases of technique

Reference record available.

ModalityManual therapy and healthcare profession

Osteopathy

Osteopathy is a manual healthcare approach that uses hands-on assessment and treatment of the body's tissues and joints.

Complementary

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Aliases: Osteopathic medicine, Osteopathic manual therapy, Osteopathic manipulative treatment
Tradition: Osteopathy (United States origin), British osteopathy
Related concepts: Somatic dysfunction, Structure-function relationship, Osteopathic manipulative treatment, Direct and indirect techniques, Self-regulation

Reference record available.

ModalityVocal technique and sound practice (overtone and multiphonic singing)

Overtone Singing

Overtone singing is a vocal technique in which one singer sounds a low drone and a separate high melody together.

ComplementaryHolisticMetaphysical

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Aliases: Harmonic singing, Overtone chanting, Throat singing, Diphonic singing, Biphonic singing, Khoomei, Khöömii, Harmonic chant
Tradition: Buddhism, New Age spirituality, Tuvan, Mongolian
Related concepts: Awareness, Attention, Spirituality, Mind-Body Connection

Reference record available.

ModalityMedical gas therapy using oxygen-ozone mixtures

Ozone Therapy

Ozone therapy is the medical use of oxygen-ozone gas mixtures applied to blood, tissues, joints, discs or body cavities.

AlternativeComplementary

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Aliases: Oxygen-ozone therapy, Medical ozone therapy, Oxy-ozone therapy, O2-O3 therapy
Tradition: German medical ozone practice, North American naturopathy, Indian naturopathy, Interventional pain practice
Related concepts: Oxygen-ozone mixture, Medical ozone, Major autohemotherapy, Minor autohemotherapy, Rectal insufflation, Intradiscal injection, Paravertebral injection, Ozonated oil, Ozonated water, Ozone gas bath, Gas embolism

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ModalityDietary pattern based on an evolutionary hypothesis

Paleo Diet

The Paleo Diet is a modern eating pattern based on foods thought to resemble those of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers.

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Aliases: Paleolithic diet, Palaeolithic diet, Paleo, Caveman diet, Stone Age diet, Paleolithic nutrition, Ancestral diet
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Evolutionary discordance hypothesis, Hunter-gatherer diets, Food-group exclusion

Reference record available.

ModalityAyurvedic program of cleansing procedures (shodhana) with preparatory and post-treatment phases

Panchakarma

Panchakarma is an Ayurvedic program of five cleansing procedures, preceded by oil-based preparatory steps.

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Aliases: Pancha Karma, Pañcakarma, Panchashodhana
Tradition: Ayurveda, Hinduism
Related concepts: Dosha, Agni, Ama

Reference record available.

ModalityFamily of child-rearing philosophies, practices and parent-support programs

Parenting Approaches

Parenting approaches are named philosophies and programs for how adults feed, soothe, put to sleep and guide children.

HolisticComplementary

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Aliases: Parenting styles and philosophies, Child-rearing approaches, Parenting methods, Parenting philosophies
Tradition: Attachment theory, Baumrind parenting-style typology
Related concepts: Responsiveness and demandingness, Authoritative parenting, Attachment security, Strange Situation Procedure, Social learning theory parenting programs, Skin-to-skin contact, Graduated extinction, Bedtime fading, Corporal punishment, Complementary feeding, Non-coercive guidance

Reference record available.

ModalityHypnosis-based psychotherapeutic approach working with inner parts or ego states

Parts Therapy Hypnosis

Parts therapy hypnosis is a hypnotherapy approach that addresses aspects of the personality as inner parts during trance.

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Aliases: Parts therapy, Hypnotic parts therapy
Tradition: Clinical and academic hypnosis, Psychoanalysis
Related concepts: Hypnotic induction, Hypnotizability, Suggestion, Focused attention, Awareness

Reference record available.

ModalityPhysical therapy and exercise-based rehabilitation

Pelvic Floor Therapy

Pelvic floor therapy is a group of exercise and manual approaches used to assess and train pelvic floor muscles.

Complementary

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Aliases: Pelvic floor physiotherapy, Pelvic health physical therapy, Pelvic floor rehabilitation
Tradition: Physical therapy, Physiotherapy, Urogynecology
Related concepts: Pelvic floor muscle training, Urinary incontinence, Pelvic organ prolapse, Biofeedback, Myofascial pelvic pain, Postpartum recovery

Reference record available.

ModalityWellness and anti-aging use of unapproved synthetic peptides

Peptide Therapy

Peptide therapy is the wellness or anti-aging use of unapproved short synthetic peptides, often given by injection.

AlternativeComplementary

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Aliases: Injectable peptides
Tradition: Anti-aging and longevity clinics, Sports recovery and physique culture, Online self-administration (biohacking)
Related concepts: BPC-157 (body protection compound-157), Thymosin beta-4, TB-500, Growth hormone secretagogues, Ipamorelin, CJC-1295 (with and without DAC), GHRH analogues, GHK-Cu (copper tripeptide), GH-IGF-1 axis, Research compounds, Peptide stacking, WADA Prohibited List S0 and S2

Reference record available.

ModalityLight-based physical-agent therapy using low-power lasers or LEDs

Photobiomodulation

Photobiomodulation is the application of red or near-infrared light to body tissue, using lasers or LEDs, at low power.

AlternativeComplementary

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Aliases: Low-level laser therapy, LLLT, Low-level light therapy, Photobiomodulation therapy, PBM, Red light therapy, Laser biostimulation, Cold laser
Tradition: Biomedical laser and light therapy, Supportive oncology care, Physical therapy and dermatology, Consumer wellness devices
Related concepts: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT), Red and near-infrared light, Cytochrome c oxidase, Biphasic dose response, Energy density (J/cm2), Power density (mW/cm2), Non-thermal light, Oral mucositis prevention, World Association for Photobiomodulation Therapy (WALT), Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)

Reference record available.

ModalityAllied health profession and rehabilitation approach

Physical Therapy

Physical therapy is a health profession in which therapists assess and treat problems of movement and function.

Complementary

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Aliases: Physiotherapy, Physio
Tradition: Physiotherapy profession (United Kingdom), Physical therapy profession (United States), Medical gymnastics and mechanotherapy (Europe)
Related concepts: Therapeutic exercise, Manual therapy, Rehabilitation, Movement and function, Electrotherapy and physical agents, Self-management and education, Clinical examination and reassessment

Reference record available.

ModalityMind-body exercise system using mat and apparatus work

Pilates

Pilates is a system of mat and apparatus exercise developed by Joseph Pilates and taught in studios and clinics.

Complementary

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Aliases: Contrology, Pilates method, Pilates exercise
Tradition: Contrology (Joseph Pilates, United States, 20th century), Classical and contemporary Pilates teaching lineages, Clinical and rehabilitation exercise
Related concepts: Contrology, Mat work, Reformer and other apparatus, Controlled movement, Breathing coordination, Core and trunk stability, Minimal intervention comparator, Teacher certification

Reference record available.

ModalityDietary approach and umbrella term for plant-centered eating patterns

Plant-Based Diet

A plant-based diet is an umbrella term for eating patterns that center on foods from plants.

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Aliases: Plant-based diets, Plant-based nutrition, Plant-based eating, Plant-forward diet, Whole food plant-based diet
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Healthful plant-based diet index, Unhealthful plant-based diet index, Whole food plant-based diet, Appropriately planned diet, Dietary pattern research

Reference record available.

ModalityPsychotherapy approach using play and creative materials, mainly with children

Play Therapy

Play therapy is a psychological intervention in which a trained therapist uses play as the child's main means of expression.

Complementary

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Aliases: None recorded
Tradition: Psychoanalytic child analysis, Person-centered (humanistic) psychology, Cognitive-behavioral approaches, Filial therapy
Related concepts: Child-centered play therapy, Directive play therapy, Therapeutic relationship, Symbolic play, Parent involvement, Therapeutic play in hospitals

Reference record available.

ModalityCreative arts and expressive writing approach using poems and literature

Poetry Therapy

Poetry therapy is the intentional use of poems and other literary forms, with a trained facilitator, for personal growth.

Complementary

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Aliases: Poetry/bibliotherapy, Biblio/poetry therapy, Applied poetry facilitation
Tradition: Humanistic psychology
Related concepts: Bibliotherapy, Metaphor, Interactive process, Reminiscence and life review, Expressive writing

Reference record available.

ModalityEnergy-based bodywork, nutrition and counseling system

Polarity Therapy

Polarity therapy is a system of touch, movement, nutrition and counseling based on Randolph Stone's energy model.

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Aliases: Polarity, Stone's Polarity Therapy
Tradition: Ayurveda (as drawn on by Randolph Stone), Osteopathy, Naturopathy, Chiropractic, Biofield therapies
Related concepts: Energy flow, Positive and negative poles, Wireless anatomy, Five-element balancing, Bodywork, Nutrition guidance, Stretching and exercise, Counseling and self-awareness, Biofield

Reference record available.

ModalityTheory-informed psychotherapy and somatic regulation framework

Polyvagal-Informed Therapy

Polyvagal-informed therapy is a group of approaches that use Polyvagal Theory to explain and work with nervous system states.

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Aliases: Polyvagal-informed approach, Polyvagal theory-based therapy
Tradition: Polyvagal Theory
Related concepts: Neuroception, Ventral vagal complex, Social engagement system, Co-regulation, Autonomic state, Respiratory sinus arrhythmia, Heart rate variability

Reference record available.

ModalityTraditional postpartum rest and recovery customs

Postpartum Confinement Practices

Traditional rest and recovery customs observed for a set period after childbirth in many cultures.

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Aliases: Postpartum confinement, Doing the month, Doing-the-month, Zuo yuezi, La cuarentena, Sanhujori, Pantang larang, Postpartum rituals
Tradition: Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chinese, Korean, Mexican, Malay
Related concepts: Hot and cold balance, Postpartum rest, Dietary restrictions, Social support

Reference record available.

ModalityVigorous Ashtanga-influenced vinyasa yoga exercise class

Power Yoga

Power Yoga is a vigorous, fitness-oriented style of vinyasa yoga that emerged in the United States in the 1990s.

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Aliases: None recorded
Tradition: Yoga traditions
Related concepts: Mind-Body Connection

Reference record available.

ModalityYogic breath-regulation practices

Pranayama

Pranayama is the yogic practice of regulating the breath through controlled inhalation, exhalation and retention.

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Aliases: Prāṇāyāma, Yogic breathing, Yoga breathing, Yogic breath regulation
Tradition: Yoga, Yoga traditions, Patañjali's Yogasūtra, Haṭhapradīpikā
Related concepts: Prāṇa, Āyāma, Kumbhaka (breath retention), Pūraka (inhalation), Recaka (exhalation), Nāḍī śodhana, Kapālabhāti, Bhastrikā, Ujjāyī, Bhrāmarī, Śītalī, Slow breathing

Reference record available.

ModalityMassage adapted for pregnancy

Prenatal Massage

Prenatal massage is massage therapy adapted for the body and positioning needs of a person who is pregnant.

Complementary

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Aliases: Pregnancy massage, Antenatal massage, Prenatal massage therapy
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Side-lying positioning, Prenatal depression and anxiety, Pregnancy-related back and pelvic pain, Labor pain, Deep vein thrombosis

Reference record available.

ModalityAdapted yoga for pregnancy (exercise and mind-body class)

Prenatal Yoga

Prenatal yoga is yoga adapted for pregnancy, with modified postures, breathing and relaxation.

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Aliases: Pregnancy yoga, Antenatal yoga, Yoga for pregnancy
Tradition: Yoga traditions
Related concepts: Mind-Body Connection, Awareness

Reference record available.

ModalityLive-microorganism products used as foods or dietary supplements

Probiotics

Probiotics are live microorganisms, such as certain bacteria and yeasts, taken in amounts meant to benefit the host.

Complementary

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Aliases: Probiotic, Probiotic supplements
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Gut microbiome, Strain specificity, Dysbiosis, Fermented foods, Antibiotic-associated diarrhea

Reference record available.

ModalityInjection-based therapy for chronic musculoskeletal pain

Prolotherapy

Prolotherapy is the repeated injection of an irritant solution, often dextrose, into painful ligaments, tendons or joints.

AlternativeComplementary

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Aliases: Proliferative therapy, Proliferation therapy, Regenerative injection therapy, Dextrose prolotherapy, Hypertonic dextrose prolotherapy, Sclerotherapy (historical use)
Tradition: Hackett-style prolotherapy (United States, 1950s), Orthopedic and musculoskeletal medicine, Sports and rehabilitation medicine, Integrative medicine
Related concepts: Irritant or sclerosing solutions, Hypertonic dextrose, Phenol-glycerine-glucose (P2G), Sodium morrhuate, Ligament and tendon insertions (entheses), Ligament laxity, Intra-articular and extra-articular injection, Perineural injection therapy, Ultrasound guidance, Post-injection pain flare

Reference record available.

ModalityPsychotherapeutic and peer support after psychedelic experiences

Psychedelic Integration Therapy

Psychedelic integration therapy is professional or peer support after a psychedelic experience, aimed at processing it.

Complementary

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Aliases: Psychedelic integration
Tradition: Psychotherapy, Psychedelic-assisted therapy research, Psychedelic harm reduction services
Related concepts: Preparation, dosing session and integration phases, Processing an experience and carrying meaning into daily life, Harm reduction, Post-experience suggestibility, Informed consent and professional boundaries, Adverse psychedelic reactions, Integration groups

Reference record available.

ModalityAction-based experiential group psychotherapy

Psychodrama

Psychodrama is a form of psychotherapy in which people act out personal and interpersonal situations in a group.

Complementary

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Aliases: Morenian psychodrama, Classic psychodrama, Psychodrama psychotherapy, Psychodrama group therapy
Tradition: Morenian psychodrama, Group psychotherapy, Sociometry and sociodrama
Related concepts: Protagonist, Director, Auxiliary ego, Warm-up, action and sharing, Role reversal, Doubling, Mirroring, Spontaneity and creativity, Surplus reality, Social atom

Reference record available.

ModalityFamily of talk-based psychological treatments

Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy is a family of talk-based psychological treatments delivered by trained practitioners.

Complementary

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Aliases: Talking therapy, Talk therapy, Psychological therapy, Psychological therapies
Tradition: Psychoanalytic, Behavioral and cognitive, Humanistic, Existential, Systemic and family, Integrative, Expressive arts, Body-oriented
Related concepts: Therapeutic alliance, Common factors, Transference, Unconscious processes, Free association, Cognitive restructuring, Behavioral activation, Psychological flexibility, Systemic patterns, Empathy and unconditional positive regard, Negative effects of therapy, Supervised clinical practice

Reference record available.

ModalityDevice-based electromagnetic field therapy

Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy (PEMF)

Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy applies time-varying magnetic fields from coil devices to body tissue.

Complementary

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Aliases: PEMF therapy, PEMF, Pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation, Magnetotherapy
Tradition: Orthopedic bone-growth stimulation, Physical medicine and rehabilitation
Related concepts: Pulsed electromagnetic fields, Inductive coil devices, Physical agent modalities, Bone growth stimulation

Reference record available.

ConceptConcept: vital force or energy in Chinese philosophy and medicine

Qi

Qi is a Chinese term for a vital force or energy, used in philosophy, traditional medicine and qigong.

ComplementaryMetaphysical

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Aliases: Ch'i, Chi, Life-Breath (Philosophy), Vital Energy (Philosophy)
Tradition: Pre-Qin Chinese philosophy (Mencius, Zhuangzi, Xunzi), Han-dynasty thought (Lu Jia), Classical Chinese medical texts (Huangdi Neijing), Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qigong and tai chi practice, WHO Western Pacific standard medical terminology
Related concepts: Vital force or life-breath, Meridians, Yin and yang, Five phases, Essence, spirit, blood and fluids, Qi as physical energy (interpretive reading), Nonspecific effects in acupuncture research

Reference record available.

ModalityChinese breath, movement and attention practices

Qigong

Qigong is a set of Chinese practices that combine slow movement, breath control and focused attention.

ComplementaryHolisticMetaphysical

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Aliases: Chi kung, Qi gong, Chi gong
Tradition: Daoyin (guiding and pulling) exercise, Qigong therapy (1950s China), Medical qigong, Baduanjin, Wuqinxi, Yijinjing, Liuzijue
Related concepts: Qi, Regulation of mind, breath and body, Daoyin, External qigong therapy, Qigong deviation, Qigong-precipitated psychosis

Reference record available.

ModalityReiki lineage: Western-developed system based on Usui Reiki

Rainbow Reiki

Rainbow Reiki is a Reiki system developed in Germany by Walter Lübeck that adds its own techniques to Usui-based training.

MetaphysicalComplementary

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Aliases: Rainbow Reiki®
Tradition: Usui Reiki Ryōhō (Japan), Western Reiki (Takata lineage)
Related concepts: Reiki energy, Reiju, Attunement, Shoden, okuden and shinpiden, Distance treatment, Lineage

Reference record available.

ModalityBranded hypnotherapy-based talking and suggestion method

Rapid Transformational Therapy

Rapid Transformational Therapy is a branded hypnotherapy-based method created by Marisa Peer and taught through her school.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: RTT, Rapid Transformational Therapy (RTT), Marisa Peer method
Tradition: Clinical and academic hypnosis
Related concepts: Hypnotic induction, Hypnotizability, Suggestion, Focused attention

Reference record available.

ModalityAyurvedic pharmaceutics of herbo-mineral and herbo-metallic preparations

Rasa Shastra

Rasa Shastra is the branch of Ayurveda concerned with preparing medicines from mercury, other metals and minerals.

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Aliases: Rasashastra, Rasaśāstra, Ayurvedic alchemy, Herbo-mineral medicine, Herbo-metallic medicine
Tradition: Hinduism
Related concepts: Bhasma, Shodhana, Marana, Dehavada, Lohavada, Herbo-mineral formulations

Reference record available.

ModalityAyurvedic rejuvenation and geriatric care branch

Rasayana Therapy

Rasayana therapy is the Ayurvedic branch of rejuvenation and geriatric care, using herbs, foods, conduct and routines.

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Aliases: Rasayana, Rasayana chikitsa, Ayurvedic rejuvenation therapy, Rasayana tantra
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Ojas, Dosha, Dhatu, Agni, Medhya Rasayana, Achara Rasayana, Naimittika Rasayana

Reference record available.

ModalityManual therapy using pressure on mapped reflex areas

Reflexology

Reflexology is a manual practice that applies pressure to mapped points on the feet, hands or ears.

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Aliases: Foot reflexology, Hand reflexology, Reflex zone therapy, Reflexotherapy
Tradition: Zone therapy (United States, 1910s), Ingham method of foot reflexology (United States, 1930s), Rwo Shur method
Related concepts: Reflex areas, Foot and hand reflex maps, Ten longitudinal zones, Waistline reference line, Reflex points, Complementary therapy

Reference record available.

ModalityHypnosis-based guided return to earlier life events

Regression Therapy

Regression therapy is a practice using hypnosis to guide a person back to childhood or earlier life events in imagination.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: Age regression therapy, Hypnotic age regression, Age regression hypnosis
Tradition: Clinical and academic hypnosis, Mesmerism and Braid, Psychoanalysis
Related concepts: Hypnotic induction, Hypnotizability, Suggestion, Focused attention, Attention

Reference record available.

ModalityFamily of hands-on and non-contact energy healing practices

Reiki

Reiki is a family of practices in which a practitioner uses touch or hand placement near the body to direct energy.

MetaphysicalComplementary

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Aliases: Reiki therapy
Tradition: Usui Reiki Ryōhō (Japan), Western Reiki (Takata lineage), Jikiden Reiki, Gendai Reiki Hō, Reiki Jin Kei Do, Rainbow Reiki, The Radiance Technique
Related concepts: Reiki energy, Universal life energy, Reiju, Attunement, Shoden, okuden and shinpiden, Five precepts (gokai), Distance treatment, Self-treatment, Lineage

Reference record available.

ModalityReiki lineage with Buddhist-style meditation training

Reiki Jin Kei Do

Reiki Jin Kei Do is a Western-era Reiki lineage that pairs Reiki training with Buddhist-style meditation.

MetaphysicalComplementary

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Aliases: Reiki Jin-Kei Do, Jin Kei Do, Reiki Jin-Kei-Do, Eastern lineage of Reiki
Tradition: Buddhism, Usui Reiki Ryōhō (Japan), Western Reiki (Takata lineage)
Related concepts: Reiki energy, Attunement, Lineage, Self-treatment, Distance treatment, Awareness, Spirituality, Spiritual Growth

Reference record available.

ModalityReiki style: hand-placement energy practice with added metaphysical teachings

Reiki Plus

Reiki Plus is a style of Reiki founded by David Jarrell that adds metaphysical teachings to Usui Shiki Ryoho.

MetaphysicalComplementary

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Aliases: Reiki Plus Institute system, Jarrell Reiki Plus
Tradition: Usui Reiki Ryōhō (Japan), Western Reiki (Takata lineage)
Related concepts: Reiki energy, Universal life energy, Attunement, Distance treatment, Lineage, Spirituality

Reference record available.

ModalityFamily of practices that elicit a calmer physiological state

Relaxation Techniques

Relaxation techniques are practices, such as progressive muscle relaxation, that aim to produce a calmer physical state.

Complementary

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Aliases: Relaxation therapy, Relaxation training, Relaxation response techniques
Tradition: Behavioral medicine, Clinical psychology, Psychophysiology
Related concepts: Relaxation response, Progressive muscle relaxation, Autogenic training, Applied relaxation, Diaphragmatic breathing, Biofeedback-assisted relaxation, Guided imagery, Self-suggestion, Relaxation-induced anxiety

Reference record available.

ModalityManual soft-tissue therapy (massage)

Remedial Massage

Remedial massage is assessment-led, hands-on soft-tissue therapy aimed at a specific muscle or joint complaint.

Complementary

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Aliases: Remedial massage therapy
Tradition: Western massage therapy, Australian and New Zealand remedial massage training and professional associations
Related concepts: Remedial massage, Relaxation massage, Wellness massage, Structural massage, Musculoskeletal assessment, Soft-tissue manipulation, Treatment plan, Scope of practice, Referral, Contraindications

Reference record available.

ModalityParts-based psychotherapy developed from ego state therapy

Resource Therapy

Resource Therapy is a parts-based psychotherapy that Gordon Emmerson developed from ego state therapy.

Complementary

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Aliases: RT, Ressourcen-Therapie
Tradition: Ego state therapy, Clinical hypnosis, Brief psychodynamic psychotherapy
Related concepts: Resource states, Normal states, Vaded states, Retro states, Conflicted states, Dissonant states, Conscious state, Sensory experience memory

Reference record available.

ModalityEnergy healing touch practice

Restorative Reiki

Restorative Reiki is a Reiki-family practice in which a practitioner places the hands lightly on or just above the body.

ComplementaryMetaphysical

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Aliases: None recorded
Tradition: Usui Reiki, associated with Mikao Usui in Japan in the early twentieth century, Western Reiki lineage through Hawayo Takata
Related concepts: Life energy (rei and ki), Hands-on or hands-off touch, Reiki family of related approaches

Reference record available.

ModalityYoga style: supported, passive, prop-based practice

Restorative Yoga

Restorative yoga is a passive yoga style in which props support the body in a few poses held for several minutes.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: None recorded
Tradition: Yoga traditions
Related concepts: Mind-Body Connection, Awareness

Reference record available.

ModalityAnthroposophic manual therapy (massage)

Rhythmical Massage

Rhythmical massage is a manual therapy from anthroposophic medicine, developed in the 1920s by Ita Wegman.

Complementary

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Aliases: Rhythmical Massage Therapy, Rhythmical massage according to Ita Wegman, RMT
Tradition: Anthroposophic medicine, Anthroposophy, Swedish massage
Related concepts: Rhythmic system, Autonomic self-regulation, Warmth distribution, Therapeutic rest

Reference record available.

ModalityManual soft-tissue and movement education series

Rolfing

Rolfing is a trademarked form of structural integration, a series of hands-on sessions founded by Ida Rolf.

AlternativeComplementary

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Aliases: Rolf Method of Structural Integration, Rolfing Structural Integration, Ten Series
Tradition: Structural integration (lineage of Ida P. Rolf, United States, 20th century)
Related concepts: Ten Series, Fascia, Gravity and vertical alignment, Myofascial chains, Soft-tissue manipulation, Movement education, Rolf Movement, Structural integration lineages

Reference record available.

ModalityReiki-family energy practice (light touch or distant)

Saku Reiki

Saku Reiki is a named Reiki-family practice whose founder, lineage and methods are not documented in the sources reviewed.

ComplementaryMetaphysical

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Aliases: None recorded
Tradition: Reiki (Usui system), Japan, early twentieth century
Related concepts: Light touch on or above the body, Practitioner as a channel for energy, Training levels in the Usui system, Subtle energy framing without verified physical mechanism

Reference record available.

ModalityPsychotherapeutic play method using sand and miniatures

Sandplay

Sandplay is a psychotherapeutic method in which a person builds scenes in a tray of sand using miniature figures.

Complementary

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Aliases: Sandplay therapy, Kalffian sandplay, Jungian sandplay
Tradition: Jungian analytical psychology, Dora Kalff's sandplay tradition, Margaret Lowenfeld's World Technique, Child psychotherapy and play therapy
Related concepts: Free and protected space, Delayed interpretation, Nonverbal expression, Symbols and images, Sand tray and miniatures, Therapeutic relationship

Reference record available.

ModalityJapanese Reiki lineage: hand-placement energy practice

Satya Japanese Reiki

Satya Japanese Reiki is a hand-placement energy practice in the Reiki family, taught under a Japanese Reiki label.

ComplementaryMetaphysical

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Aliases: None recorded
Tradition: Reiki family, Japanese Reiki (label used by several lineages)
Related concepts: Hand placement, Energy field (a belief, not shown by research), Japanese Reiki label, Reiki Therapy of Mikao Usui

Reference record available.

ModalityMineral-salt remedy system derived from homeopathic pharmacy

Schüssler Tissue Salts

A remedy system of twelve mineral salts, devised by a German physician in the 1870s from homeopathic methods.

AlternativeComplementary

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Aliases: Biochemic tissue salts, Biochemic cell salts, Schüssler salts, Schüßler salts, Biochemic therapy, Biochemie nach Dr. Schüßler, Twelve tissue salts
Tradition: German homeopathy (19th century), Biochemic therapy
Related concepts: Twelve mineral salts, Cellular mineral balance, Potentized preparations, Inorganic constituents of tissue, Abbreviated therapy

Reference record available.

ModalityArt therapy medium: three-dimensional sculptural work within psychotherapy

Sculpture Therapy

Sculpture therapy is a label for using three-dimensional modeling and construction within art therapy sessions.

Complementary

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Aliases: Sculpting in art therapy, Clay sculpture therapy, Three-dimensional art therapy
Tradition: Psychoanalysis
Related concepts: Art as therapy, Symbolization, Sublimation, Concretization

Reference record available.

ModalityEnergy healing system with Egyptian themes

Seichim

Seichim is an Egyptian-themed energy healing system, also spelled Sekhem, that is often taught alongside Reiki.

MetaphysicalComplementary

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Aliases: Sekhem, Seichem, SKHM, SSR, Sekhem-Seichim-Reiki
Tradition: Western esotericism, New Age spirituality
Related concepts: Universal life energy, Attunement, Lineage, Spirituality, Distance treatment

Reference record available.

ModalitySelf-directed hypnosis and autosuggestion practice, including audio-guided and app formats

Self-Hypnosis

Self-hypnosis is hypnosis that a person directs on themselves, with or without a recording or app.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: Autohypnosis, Self-induced hypnosis
Tradition: Mesmerism and Braid, Clinical and academic hypnosis
Related concepts: Hypnotic induction, Hypnotizability, Suggestion, Focused attention, Mind-Body Connection

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ModalityBody-oriented (somatic) psychotherapy for trauma and attachment

Sensorimotor Therapy

Sensorimotor Psychotherapy is a body-oriented talk therapy for trauma that treats bodily experience as information.

Complementary

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Aliases: Sensorimotor Psychotherapy, SP
Tradition: Hakomi-derived body psychotherapy, Trauma and attachment psychotherapy
Related concepts: Safety and stabilization, Processing, Integration, Body awareness, Mindfulness, Bottom-up approaches

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ModalityOccupational therapy approach to sensory processing difficulties

Sensory Integration

Sensory integration is an occupational therapy approach that uses structured sensory and movement activities with children.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: Ayres Sensory Integration, Sensory integration therapy, Occupational therapy using Ayres Sensory Integration, ASI
Tradition: Occupational therapy, Ayres Sensory Integration (University of Southern California, 1960s onward)
Related concepts: Sensory integration, Sensory processing, Sensory modulation, Just-right challenge, Goal Attainment Scaling, Fidelity measure, Sensory diet, Weighted vest, Sensory-based intervention

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ModalityJapanese manual therapy using sustained finger, thumb and palm pressure

Shiatsu Massage

Shiatsu is a Japanese manual therapy in which a practitioner applies sustained finger, thumb and palm pressure.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Shiatsu massage, Shiatsu therapy, Japanese finger-pressure therapy, Zen shiatsu (style), Namikoshi shiatsu (style)
Tradition: Japanese anma lineage, Namikoshi shiatsu, Zen shiatsu (Masunaga), Serizawa tsubo-focused style, Traditional Chinese medicine meridian theory
Related concepts: Finger pressure (shi-atsu), Sustained stationary pressure, Leaning body weight, Meridians, Ki (vital energy), Tsubo points, Whole-body session, Floor-level futon work, Transitional effects

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ModalityAyurvedic forehead liquid-pouring procedure

Shirodhara

Shirodhara is an Ayurvedic procedure in which a continuous stream of liquid, often medicated oil, is poured over the forehead.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Sirodhara, Shiro dhara, Shirodhar, Shiroseka, Shiroparisheka, Ayurvedic oil dripping, Forehead oil pouring
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Dosha, Vata, Mind-Body Connection, Relaxation response

Reference record available.

ModalityPostural yoga system with a five-point lifestyle framework

Sivananda Yoga

Sivananda Yoga is a yoga system of the Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres, built on five points and a 12-posture sequence.

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Aliases: Sivananda Yoga Vedanta, Sivananda yoga
Tradition: Yoga traditions, Hinduism
Related concepts: Spirituality, Mind-Body Connection, Karma, Reincarnation

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ModalityBody-oriented trauma psychotherapy method

Somatic Experiencing

Somatic Experiencing is a trauma-focused psychotherapy that directs attention to bodily sensations to work with stress responses.

Complementary

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Aliases: SE, SE therapy
Tradition: Body-oriented psychotherapy, Trauma-focused psychotherapy
Related concepts: Titration, Pendulation, Resourcing, Discharge of autonomic arousal, Biological completion of defensive responses, Interoception, Proprioception, Bottom-up processing

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ModalityBody-oriented psychotherapy family

Somatic Therapy

Somatic therapy is an umbrella term for psychotherapies that work with bodily sensation, movement and touch as well as talk.

Complementary

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Aliases: Body psychotherapy, Body-oriented psychotherapy, Body-oriented therapy, Somatic psychotherapy, Body-centred psychotherapy
Tradition: Psychoanalytic body psychotherapy, Reichian and neo-Reichian schools, Bioenergetic Analysis, Hakomi, Humanistic and experiential psychotherapy, Trauma-focused body-oriented approaches
Related concepts: Bottom-up processing, Interoception, Proprioception, Resource orientation, Therapeutic touch and boundaries, Body awareness, Character defence and muscular tension

Reference record available.

ModalityGroup sound listening session with resonant instruments

Sound Bath

Sound Bath is a group session in which a facilitator plays bowls, gongs, chimes or voice while participants lie or sit.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Sound bathing, Sound meditation, Sound healing session
Tradition: New Age spirituality, Yoga traditions
Related concepts: Attention, Awareness, Spirituality

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ModalityInstrument-based listening and relaxation practice

Sound Therapy

Sound therapy is a wellbeing practice in which a practitioner plays singing bowls or gongs for listening and relaxation.

AlternativeComplementary

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Aliases: Sound healing, Sound bath, Singing bowl therapy
Tradition: Contemporary Western sound-healing practice, Buddhist and Himalayan ritual instruments
Related concepts: Relaxation, Meditation, Vibration, Sound bath, Voluntary self-regulation

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ModalityAllied health profession for communication and swallowing disorders

Speech-Language Therapy

Speech-language therapy is an allied health profession that assesses and treats communication and swallowing difficulties.

Complementary

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Aliases: Speech and language therapy, Speech-language pathology, Speech therapy, Speech pathology
Tradition: Speech-language pathology, Speech and language therapy, Rehabilitation medicine
Related concepts: Aphasia, Developmental language disorder, Stuttering, Dysphagia, Evidence-based practice, Functional communication

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ModalityHypnosis-based mental skills training for athletes

Sports Hypnosis

Sports hypnosis is the use of hypnosis within sport psychology to support athletes' focus, confidence and imagery.

Complementary

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Aliases: Sport hypnosis, Hypnosis in sport, Alert sport hypnosis
Tradition: Clinical and academic hypnosis, Mesmerism and Braid, Ericksonian hypnosis
Related concepts: Hypnotic induction, Hypnotizability, Suggestion, Focused attention, Attention, Awareness, Mind-Body Connection

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ModalityHerbal remedy taken by mouth for low mood

St John's Wort

St John's wort is a herbal extract of the plant Hypericum perforatum, taken by mouth as a supplement or medicine for low mood.

Complementary

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Aliases: Saint John's wort, Hypericum perforatum, Hypericum extract, SJW
Tradition: European herbal medicine
Related concepts: Herb-drug interaction, Enzyme induction, Serotonin syndrome, Standardized extract, Photosensitivity

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ModalityCell-based medical procedures, from established transplantation to commercial injections

Stem Cell Therapy

Stem cell therapy uses stem cells, or cells derived from them, to replace or repair damaged tissue.

AlternativeComplementary

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Aliases: Stem cell treatment, Stem cell therapies, Cell-based therapy, Stem cell transplantation, Regenerative cell therapy
Tradition: Hematology and transplant medicine, Regenerative medicine, Orthopedic biologics
Related concepts: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, Autologous and allogeneic cells, Mesenchymal stromal cells, Stromal vascular fraction, Umbilical cord and placental products, Exosomes, Graft-versus-host disease, Investigational versus unproven treatment, Stem cell tourism, Limbal stem cells

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ModalityWestern manual soft-tissue massage

Swedish Massage

Swedish massage is a style of Western massage using gliding, kneading and friction strokes on soft tissue.

Complementary

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Aliases: Classical massage, Classic massage, Swedish massage therapy, Swedish massage system
Tradition: Swedish medical gymnastics, Dutch massage practice of the 19th century, Western therapeutic massage
Related concepts: Effleurage, Petrissage, Friction, Tapotement, Light-touch control, Relaxation response

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ModalityChinese martial art and slow movement practice

Tai chi

Tai Chi is a Chinese martial art practiced as slow, continuous sequences of movements coordinated with breathing.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Taijiquan, Taiji, Tai Chi Chuan, Tai Ji Quan, T'ai chi ch'uan
Tradition: Chinese martial arts, Chen style, Yang style, Wu (Hao) style, Wu style, Sun style, Daoist and Confucian thought (as described by UNESCO)
Related concepts: Taiji, Qi, Yin and yang, Push hands (tuishou), Five steps (wubu), Eight techniques (bafa), Form (set routine), Simplified 24-form, Taijiquan classics, Baishi apprenticeship ceremony

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ModalityEnergy psychology: self-applied acupressure with a guided mental sequence

Tapas Acupressure Technique

Tapas Acupressure Technique is a mind-body method that pairs held acupressure points with a guided mental sequence.

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Aliases: TAT, TAT Tapas Acupressure Technique
Tradition: Traditional Chinese Medicine
Related concepts: Qi, Mind-Body Connection, Awareness, Attention

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ModalitySomatic self-regulation exercise sequence that aims to evoke involuntary muscle tremor

Tension & Trauma Releasing

Tension & Trauma Releasing is a sequence of seven stretching exercises meant to bring on involuntary body tremors.

AlternativeComplementary

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Aliases: TRE, Tension and Trauma Releasing Exercises, Trauma Releasing Exercises, Tension, Stress and Trauma Releasing Exercises, Tension and Trauma Release Exercise, Self-induced unclassified therapeutic tremors
Tradition: Contemporary somatic and mind-body practice, Trauma-focused body-oriented approaches
Related concepts: Neurogenic tremor, Therapeutic tremor, Psoas and hip flexor muscles, Autonomic nervous system regulation, Polyvagal theory, Fight, flight and freeze responses, Self-induced tremor, Mind-body technique, Self-practice after instruction

Reference record available.

ModalityWestern Reiki style combining Reiki, Seichem and breathing practices

Tera-Mai Reiki

Tera-Mai Reiki is a Western Reiki style that combines Reiki with Seichem and adds breathing practices.

MetaphysicalComplementary

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Aliases: Tera Mai Reiki, Tera Mai, Tera-Mai
Tradition: Western esotericism, New Age spirituality, Western Reiki (Takata lineage), Usui Reiki Ryōhō (Japan)
Related concepts: Reiki energy, Attunement, Lineage, Distance treatment, Spirituality

Reference record available.

ModalityHormone therapy: standard medical treatment (conventional medicine)

Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT)

A prescribed hormone treatment that supplements testosterone in men with symptoms and confirmed low levels.

Complementary

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Aliases: Testosterone replacement therapy, TRT, Testosterone therapy in men, Androgen replacement therapy, Testosterone treatment
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Hypogonadism, Late-onset hypogonadism, Androgen deficiency, Informed decision making

Reference record available.

ModalityHormone therapy (androgen) prescribed in medical care

Testosterone Therapy in Women

Testosterone therapy in women is the prescribing of testosterone to women, mainly after menopause, usually off-label.

Complementary

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Aliases: Testosterone for women, Female testosterone therapy, Androgen therapy in women, Testosterone treatment for women
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder, Off-label prescribing, Compounded hormone preparations, Biopsychosocial assessment

Reference record available.

ModalityManual therapy and bodywork tradition from Thailand

Thai Massage

Thai massage is a Thai manual therapy that combines rhythmic pressing along body lines with assisted stretching.

Complementary

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Aliases: Nuad Thai, Traditional Thai massage, Nuad Boran, Thai traditional massage
Tradition: Thai traditional medicine, Thai court-style massage, Thai folk-style massage
Related concepts: Sen lines, Sen Seb lines, Major signal points, Opening the wind gates, Four elements: earth, water, wind, fire, Assisted stretching, Hermit exercise

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ModalitySeven-degree energy practice from a Reiki lineage, taught with initiations

The Radiance Technique

The Radiance Technique is a seven-degree energy practice taught by Barbara Ray's lineage and formerly named Authentic Reiki.

MetaphysicalComplementary

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Aliases: Authentic Reiki, Real Reiki, TRT, Radiance Technique
Tradition: Western Reiki (Takata lineage)
Related concepts: Universal life energy, Attunement, Distance treatment, Lineage

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ModalityPhotography-based psychosocial practice (therapist-led and self-directed)

Therapeutic Photography

Therapeutic photography is the use of photographs, taken or viewed, within counselling or as a self-directed activity.

Complementary

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Aliases: PhotoTherapy, PhotoTherapy techniques, Photo-based therapy
Tradition: Humanistic psychology
Related concepts: Self-portraiture, Reflection on photographs, Participatory research, Narrative storytelling

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ModalityNurse-developed energy-field practice using the hands near the body

Therapeutic Touch

Therapeutic Touch is a hands-near-body practice, developed by nurses in the 1970s, based on a proposed human energy field.

ComplementaryMetaphysical

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Aliases: TT
Tradition: Krieger-Kunz nursing lineage (New York University, early 1970s), Holistic nursing
Related concepts: Human energy field, Biofield, Centering, Assessment of the field, Unruffling, Rebalancing, Laying-on of hands, Prana, Nursing diagnosis of energy field imbalance

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ModalityEnergy psychology: acupoint tapping psychotherapy method

Thought Field Therapy

Thought Field Therapy is a tapping-based psychological method developed by US psychologist Roger Callahan.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: TFT, Callahan Techniques
Tradition: Traditional Chinese Medicine
Related concepts: Qi, Mind-Body Connection, Attention, Meridians, Subjective units of distress

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ModalityReiki-derived hands-on energy practice (Western label)

Tibetan Reiki

Tibetan Reiki is a label for several Western Reiki systems that add Tibetan-named symbols or attunements to Usui Reiki.

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Aliases: Usui/Tibetan Reiki, Usui Tibetan Reiki, Tibetan Usui Reiki, Raku Kei Reiki, Men Chho Reiki, Jinlap Reiki
Tradition: Western Reiki (Takata lineage), Usui Reiki Ryōhō (Japan), Buddhism, Theosophy
Related concepts: Reiki energy, Attunement, Reiju, Lineage, Distance treatment, Spirituality

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ModalitySound-based meditation and relaxation practice using metal standing bowls

Tibetan Singing Bowl

A sound practice using hand-played metal bowls that are struck or rubbed to produce sustained tones for meditation.

ComplementaryHolisticMetaphysical

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Aliases: Singing bowls, Himalayan singing bowl, Tibetan singing bowls, Sound bowl, Standing bell bowl
Tradition: Buddhism, New Age spirituality
Related concepts: Attention, Awareness, Mindfulness, Mind-Body Connection, Spirituality

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ModalityHypnotherapy family: NLP-derived visualization technique

Timeline Therapy

Neuro-linguistic programming-derived method in which practitioners use an imagined personal timeline to work with past emotions.

Complementary

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Aliases: Time Line Therapy
Tradition: Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) practitioner community
Related concepts: Imagined personal timeline, Visualization of past and future, Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP), Time perception, Emotional work with past events

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ModalityAuditory stimulation with filtered music and voice

Tomatis Method

The Tomatis Method is an auditory-stimulation program that plays filtered music and voice through headphones.

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Aliases: Tomatis, Audio-psycho-phonology, Tomatis Listening Training, Tomatis sound therapy, Tomatis auditory stimulation
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Attention

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ModalityOral hygiene practice associated with Ayurvedic daily routine

Tongue Scraping (Jihwa Prakshalana)

Tongue scraping is the mechanical cleaning of the tongue surface with a scraper or brush, linked to Ayurveda.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Tongue scraping, Tongue cleaning, Jihwa prakshalana, Jihwa nirlekhana, Jihva nirlekhana, Tongue scraper use
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Dinacharya, Ama, Tongue coating, Volatile sulfur compounds

Reference record available.

ModalityMuscle-testing touch system and self-care training method

Touch for Health

A touch-based self-care system that uses manual muscle testing, adapted from applied kinesiology in the early 1970s.

Complementary

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Aliases: TFH
Tradition: Applied kinesiology, Chiropractic
Related concepts: Manual muscle testing, Applied kinesiology, Therapy localization, Challenge technique

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ModalityTraditional medical system and family of related practices

Traditional Chinese Medicine

Traditional Chinese Medicine is a family of medical practices from China, including herbal, needle, manual and dietary methods.

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Aliases: TCM, Chinese medicine
Tradition: Chinese medicine (China), Chinese, Japanese and Korean traditional medicine as harmonised in ICD-11
Related concepts: Qi, Yin and yang, Five Agents (five phases), Patterns (diagnostic categories), Materia medica (bencao), Channels and acupuncture points

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ModalityUmbrella of related Japanese medical, dietary, bathing, nature and exercise practices

Traditional Japanese Health

Traditional Japanese health is a grouping of related Japanese medical, dietary, bathing, nature and exercise practices.

HolisticAlternativeComplementary

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Aliases: Japanese traditional health practices, Japanese traditional wellness, Traditional Japanese wellness practices
Tradition: Kampo, Japanese acupuncture and moxibustion, Anma and shiatsu, Washoku, Onsen bathing, Shinrin-yoku
Related concepts: Kampo, Shiatsu, Washoku, Fermented foods, Hara hachi bu, Green tea, Shinrin-yoku, Onsen, Sento, Ikigai, Radio taiso

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ModalityTraditional medical system with massage and herbal practices

Traditional Thai Medicine

Traditional Thai medicine is a Thai healthcare system that includes massage, herbal medicine and midwifery.

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Aliases: Thai medicine, Applied Thai traditional medicine, Traditional Thai healthcare
Tradition: Thai Buddhist-influenced healing, Court-type traditional Thai massage, Folk traditional Thai massage, Wat Pho knowledge tradition
Related concepts: Sen lines, Four elements (earth, water, wind, fire), Traditional Thai massage (Nuad Thai), Herbal compress, Thai herbal medicine, Thai hermit exercise, Traditional midwifery, Applied Thai traditional medicine

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ModalityGentle rocking bodywork and movement re-education

Trager Approach

The Trager Approach is a hands-on method of gentle rocking and movement, paired with self-care exercises called Mentastics.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Trager psychophysical integration, Trager therapy, Trager work, Psychophysical integration
Tradition: Milton Trager (United States, 20th century), Trager International national associations
Related concepts: Psychophysical integration, Hook-up, Mentastics, Habitual tension patterns, Passive table work, Self-care movement

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ModalityPsychotherapy and counseling theory based on ego states and transactions

Transactional Analysis

Transactional analysis is a theory of personality and communication used in psychotherapy and counseling.

Complementary

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Aliases: TA, Berne's transactional analysis
Tradition: Transactional analysis (Eric Berne), Humanistic and relational psychotherapy
Related concepts: Ego states, Transactions, Games, Life script, Contracts, Strokes, Life positions

Reference record available.

ModalityMantra-based meditation technique taught in a standardised course

Transcendental Meditation

Transcendental Meditation is a mantra-based meditation technique taught through a standardised course by certified teachers.

ComplementaryMetaphysical

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Aliases: TM, TM technique, Transcendental Meditation technique, Transcendental Meditation program
Tradition: Advaita Vedanta (as interpreted by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi), Neo-Hinduism (scholarly description), Transcendental Meditation movement
Related concepts: Mantra, Personal instruction by a certified teacher, Twice-daily practice, Standardised course, Rishi (seer), Relaxation response (related but distinct)

Reference record available.

ModalityYoga-based adaptation for people with trauma histories

Trauma-Informed Yoga

Trauma-informed yoga is a set of adaptations to yoga teaching and practice for people with histories of trauma.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Trauma-Sensitive Yoga, Trauma Center Trauma-Sensitive Yoga, TCTSY, TSY
Tradition: Yoga traditions
Related concepts: Mind-Body Connection, Awareness, Attention, Mindfulness

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ModalityBody-based exercise method for tension and stress release

TRE (Tension & Trauma Releasing Exercises)

A body-based method in which a sequence of leg and hip exercises is used to evoke shaking, taught for stress release.

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Aliases: TRE, Tension and Trauma Releasing Exercises, Tension and Trauma Release Exercise, Trauma Releasing Exercises, Tension Trauma Releasing Exercises
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Mind-Body Connection, Neurogenic tremor

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ModalityManual, needling and injection techniques for muscle pain

Trigger Point

Trigger point therapy is a set of manual, needling and injection techniques aimed at tender spots in skeletal muscle.

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Aliases: Trigger Point Therapy, Myofascial Trigger Point Therapy, Trigger Point Manual Therapy
Tradition: Physical medicine and rehabilitation, Physiotherapy, Manual therapy
Related concepts: Myofascial trigger point, Taut band, Referred pain, Local twitch response, Myofascial pain syndrome, Active and latent trigger points, Peripheral and central sensitisation

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ModalityTraditional Chinese manual therapy (soft-tissue and joint manipulation)

Tui Na

Tuina is a traditional Chinese manual therapy in which a practitioner presses, kneads and mobilises soft tissue and joints.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Tuina, Tui-na, Chinese massage, Chinese manual therapy, Chinese manipulation, Chuna (Korean usage)
Tradition: Traditional Chinese medicine, Korean Chuna (related practice), Paediatric tuina
Related concepts: Viscera and meridian theory, Acupoint-based manipulation, Rolling, kneading and pressing, Joint mobilisation and traction, Paediatric tuina acupoints

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ModalitySound-based practice using struck tuning forks

Tuning Forks

Tuning forks used therapeutically are metal forks struck to make a tone and held near or against the body by a practitioner.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: Tuning fork therapy, Sound healing with tuning forks, Vibrational acupuncture
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Attunement

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ModalityHerbal remedy and dietary supplement (spice-derived)

Turmeric and Curcumin

Turmeric and Curcumin covers the spice Curcuma longa, its traditional medicinal uses and curcumin supplements.

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Aliases: Turmeric, Curcumin, Curcuma longa, Curcuminoids, Turmeric supplements, Curcumin supplements, Haldi
Tradition: Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine
Related concepts: Curcuminoids, Bioavailability, Piperine, Herb-induced liver injury, Spice adulteration, Dietary supplement quality

Reference record available.

ModalityTraditional medical system (Greco-Arab humoral medicine)

Unani Medicine

Unani medicine is a Greco-Arab traditional medical system based on humoral theory, practised mainly in South Asia.

AlternativeComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Unani-tibb, Unani Tibb, Unani system of medicine, Greco-Arab medicine
Tradition: Greco-Arab medicine, Hippocratic and Galenic medical tradition, Persian and Arab medical scholarship, Unani tibb of the Indian subcontinent
Related concepts: Mizaj (temperament), Four humours: dam, safra, balgham, sauda, Hot, cold, moist and dry qualities, Regimenal therapy (ilaj bit tadbeer), Dietotherapy, Pharmacotherapy, Hijama (cupping), Preservation of health

Reference record available.

ModalityJapanese hand-healing method and the lineage claimed as the source of Reiki

Usui Reiki Ryōhō

Usui Reiki Ryōhō is the hand-healing method that Mikao Usui began teaching in Tokyo in 1922.

MetaphysicalComplementary

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Aliases: Usui Reiki Ryoho, Usui Reiki, Usui Reiki Therapy
Tradition: Usui Reiki Ryōhō Gakkai (Tokyo, 1922), Hayashi Reiki Kenkyūkai, Japanese spiritual therapy (seishin ryōhō) context
Related concepts: Reiju, Gokai (five precepts), Teate (hand healing), Shoden, okuden and shinpiden, Enkaku ryōhō (distance treatment), Kokoro (heart-mind), Lineage chart

Reference record available.

ModalityNeuromodulation device therapy

Vagus Nerve Stimulation

Vagus nerve stimulation is electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve, delivered by an implanted or skin-surface device.

Complementary

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Aliases: VNS, Vagal nerve stimulation, Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation, tVNS, Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation, taVNS
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Vagus nerve, Neuromodulation, Implanted pulse generator, Transcutaneous auricular stimulation, Drug-resistant epilepsy, Treatment-resistant depression, Stroke rehabilitation, Heart rate variability, Parasympathetic nervous system

Reference record available.

ModalityHerbal preparation: root and rhizome extracts

Valerian Root

Valerian root is the root and rhizome of Valeriana officinalis, used in herbal preparations promoted for sleep and anxiety.

Complementary

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Aliases: Valerian, Valeriana officinalis
Tradition: European herbal medicine
Related concepts: Standardization of herbal extracts, Valerenic acid

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ModalityDietary pattern excluding all animal-derived foods

Vegan Diet

A dietary pattern that excludes all animal-derived foods, followed for ethical, environmental or health reasons.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Veganism, Vegan dietary pattern
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Veganism, Plant-based nutrition, Well-planned diets, Vitamin B12

Reference record available.

ModalityDietary pattern: plant-centered eating that excludes meat

Vegetarian Diet

A dietary pattern that excludes meat, and in some forms fish, eggs or dairy, followed for health, ethical or religious reasons.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Vegetarianism, Vegetarian eating, Lacto-ovo vegetarian diet, Lacto-vegetarian diet, Ovo-vegetarian diet, Meatless diet
Tradition: Jainism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Seventh-day Adventism
Related concepts: Ahimsa, Lacto-ovo vegetarianism, Observational confounding

Reference record available.

ModalityExercise-based rehabilitation for vestibular and balance disorders

Vestibular Rehabilitation

Vestibular rehabilitation is an exercise program, led by clinicians, used for dizziness and balance problems.

Complementary

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Aliases: Vestibular physical therapy, Vestibular rehab, Vestibular therapy, Vestibular rehabilitation therapy, VRT, Balance and vestibular rehabilitation
Tradition: Physical therapy, Otology and neurotology, Cawthorne-Cooksey exercise tradition
Related concepts: Vestibular compensation, Gaze stabilization, Habituation, Sensory substitution, Balance training, Canalith repositioning, Vestibulo-ocular reflex, Dizziness Handicap Inventory

Reference record available.

ModalityDevice-assisted sound and vibration therapy, often delivered within music therapy or rehabilitation

Vibroacoustic Therapy

Vibroacoustic therapy is the use of low-frequency sound, usually with music, that a person lies on and feels as vibration.

Complementary

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Aliases: Vibroacoustic treatment, VAT, Physioacoustic therapy, Physioacoustic method, Rhythmic sensory stimulation, Vibroacoustic music, Low-frequency sound therapy
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Mind-Body Connection, Awareness

Reference record available.

ModalityBreath-linked flowing postural yoga style

Vinyasa Yoga

Vinyasa Yoga is a style of postural yoga in which poses are linked by flowing transitions timed to the breath.

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Aliases: Flow Yoga, Vinyasa Flow, Vinyasa Flow Yoga, Vinyasa
Tradition: Yoga traditions
Related concepts: Mind-Body Connection, Mindfulness

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ModalityBuddhist-derived insight meditation, often taught on silent retreats

Vipassana Meditation

Vipassana is a Theravada-derived meditation practice of observing sensations and mental states, often taught on silent retreats.

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Aliases: Vipassana, Vipassanā, Insight meditation, Insight (Vipassana) meditation
Tradition: Theravada Buddhism, Burmese lay meditation movement, Mahasi Sayadaw lineage, Ledi Sayadaw lineage, S. N. Goenka tradition (U Ba Khin lineage), Western Insight Meditation centres
Related concepts: Insight (vipassana), Calm or concentration (samatha), Mindfulness (sati), Bare attention, Noble silence, Equanimity, Observation of bodily sensations, Silent residential retreat, Loving-kindness (metta), Meditation-related adverse effects

Reference record available.

ModalityManual therapy applied to the abdominal and thoracic organs

Visceral Manipulation

Visceral manipulation is a hands-on technique, taught in osteopathy and physical therapy, applied to the abdomen and chest.

Complementary

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Aliases: Visceral osteopathy, Osteopathic visceral manipulation, Visceral manual therapy, Visceral mobilization, Fascial therapy targeting the visceral system
Tradition: Osteopathy, Physical therapy
Related concepts: Visceral mobility, Visceral dysfunction, Fascia, Viscerosomatic relationships, Sham-controlled trials

Reference record available.

ModalityInjected vitamin treatment and supplementation

Vitamin B12 Injections

Vitamin B12 injections are shots of cobalamin, usually given into a muscle, used in medicine and offered by wellness clinics.

Complementary

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Aliases: B12 injections, B12 shots, Cobalamin injections, Intramuscular vitamin B12, Hydroxocobalamin injections, Cyanocobalamin injections
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: Vitamin B12 deficiency, Pernicious anemia, Intrinsic factor, Cobalamin

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ModalityVitamin supplementation (single nutrient)

Vitamin D Supplementation

Vitamin D supplementation is taking vitamin D2 or D3 as a dietary supplement alongside sun exposure and food sources.

Complementary

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Aliases: Vitamin D supplements, Vitamin D3 supplementation, Cholecalciferol supplementation, Ergocalciferol supplementation
Tradition: Not assigned
Related concepts: 25-hydroxyvitamin D, Rickets, Osteomalacia, Hypercalcemia, Empiric supplementation, Cholecalciferol (D3), Ergocalciferol (D2)

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ModalityWater immersion in labor and birth in water

Water Birth

Water birth is giving birth while submerged in a tub of warm water, which is separate from using water only during labor.

Complementary

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Aliases: Waterbirth, Birth in water, Underwater birth, Underwater delivery, Water immersion birth, Labor in water
Tradition: Midwifery-led care, Non-interventionist obstetrics (Pithiviers, France)
Related concepts: Water immersion in the first stage of labor, Birth in water, Low-risk pregnancy, Birth pool, Umbilical cord avulsion, Waterborne infection, Pool cleaning and infection control, Fetal monitoring during immersion, Informed choice

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ModalityDietary approach: prolonged fasting in supervised clinics and religious settings

Water Fasting

Water fasting is the voluntary intake of water without food for a limited period, for health or religious reasons.

AlternativeComplementary

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Aliases: Prolonged water-only fasting, Therapeutic fasting, Medical fasting, Water-only fasting, Fasting therapy, Buchinger fasting, Heilfasten
Tradition: Naturopathy, Islam
Related concepts: Fasting therapy, Modified fasting, Refeeding, Medical supervision

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ModalityPassive aquatic bodywork in warm water

Watsu

Watsu is a form of passive aquatic bodywork in which a practitioner supports and moves a person through warm water.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Water Shiatsu, WaterShiatsu
Tradition: Zen Shiatsu, Aquatic bodywork, Hydrotherapy
Related concepts: Warm-water immersion, Buoyancy, Passive movement and stretching, Acupressure, Qi and meridians (as described by practitioners), Supported floating, Relaxation

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ModalityHand-placement energy practice taught in three levels with initiations

Western Reiki (Usui Shiki Ryoho)

Western Reiki is the hand-placement practice taught in the West through Hawayo Takata's line from Hayashi Chūjirō.

MetaphysicalComplementary

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Aliases: Usui Shiki Ryoho, Takata Reiki, Usui System of Natural Healing, Usui System of Reiki Healing
Tradition: Hayashi Chūjirō and Hawayo Takata line, The Reiki Alliance, Usui Reiki Ryōhō (Japan), Western Reiki
Related concepts: Three levels (Reiki 1, Reiki 2, Master), Attunement or initiation, Reiju, Self-treatment, Foundation treatment, Lineage, Office of the Grandmaster, Takata's account of Usui

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ModalityTraditional cupping procedure with superficial skin incision

Wet Cupping (Hijama)

Wet cupping (hijama) is a traditional practice of applying suction cups, superficially cutting the skin and reapplying the cups.

ComplementaryAlternative

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Aliases: Hijama, Hijamah, Al-Hijamah, Wet cupping, Bleeding cupping, Blood-letting cupping
Tradition: Islam, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Greek medicine
Related concepts: Prophetic medicine, Bloodletting, Temperament in Persian medicine

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ModalityBreathing and cold-exposure training method

Wim Hof Method

A branded self-practice method combining cyclic hyperventilation and breath holds with cold exposure and a commitment practice.

AlternativeComplementary

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Aliases: WHM, Wim Hof breathing, Wim Hof breathing method, WHBM
Tradition: Modern branded self-practice method, High-ventilation breathwork
Related concepts: Three pillars: breathing, cold, commitment, Cyclic hyperventilation, Breath retention at low lung volume, Recovery breath, Respiratory alkalosis, Intermittent hypoxia, Graded cold exposure, Experimental endotoxemia, Voluntary sympathetic activation

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ModalitySlow, floor-based yoga style with long passive holds

Yin Yoga

Yin Yoga is a slow, floor-based style of yoga in which passive poses are held for several minutes at a time.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Yin and Yang yoga
Tradition: Yoga traditions, Taoism
Related concepts: Qi, Mindfulness, Mind-Body Connection, Awareness, Attention

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ModalitySouth Asian physical, breathing and meditative discipline, now mainly taught as postural exercise

Yoga

Yoga is a South Asian system of physical, breathing and meditative practices, now taught mainly as postural exercise.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Modern postural yoga, Asana
Tradition: Pātañjalayogaśāstra (Yoga Sutras), Yoga traditions
Related concepts: Asana, Pranayama, Meditation, Eight limbs (aṣṭāṅga), Adverse events, Instructor training

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ModalityFamily of named postural yoga styles and schools

Yoga Styles

Yoga styles are the named schools and formats of mainly postural yoga that differ in pace, props, setting and emphasis.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Styles of yoga, Types of yoga, Yoga schools
Tradition: Yoga traditions, Iyengar yoga, Ashtanga vinyasa yoga, Sivananda yoga
Related concepts: Asana, Pranayama, Vinyasa, Props, Heated practice, Teacher training, Trauma-informed practice

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ModalityIndividualised mind-body and movement practice (professionalised yoga application)

Yoga Therapy

Yoga therapy is the professionalised, individualised application of yoga practices to health-related goals.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: Therapeutic yoga
Tradition: Yoga traditions of South Asia, Yoga traditions, IAYT professional framework
Related concepts: Individualised assessment, Therapeutic plan, Asana, Pranayama, Meditation and relaxation, Scope of practice, Referral to licensed healthcare practitioners

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ModalityManual body-mind touch method

Zero Balancing

Zero Balancing is a touch method in which a practitioner applies brief held pressure to a clothed person.

ComplementaryHolistic

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Aliases: ZB
Tradition: Osteopathic medicine, Rolfing (structural integration), Acupuncture, Cranial osteopathy, Esalen Institute body-mind work
Related concepts: Fulcrum, Interface touch, Body structure, Body energy, Skilled touch

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